@article {1559,
	title = {On the use temperature parameterized rate coefficients in the estimation of non-equilibrium reaction rates},
	journal = {Physica a-Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications},
	volume = {365},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 044QSTimes Cited: 11Cited Reference Count: 58},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {317-332},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The present paper considers a detailed analysis of the nonequilibrium effects for a model reactive system with the Chapman-Eskog (CE) solution of the Boltzmann equation as well as an explicit time dependent solution. The elastic cross sections employed are a hard sphere cross section and the Maxwell molecule cross section. Reactive cross sections which model reactions with and without activation energy are used. A detailed comparison is carried out with these solutions of the Boltzmann equation and the approximation introduced by Cukrowski and coworkers [J. Chem. Phys. 97 (1992) 9086; Chem. Phys. 89 (1992) 159; Physica A 188 (1992) 344; Chem. Phys. Lett. A 297 (1998) 402; Physica A 275 (2000) 134; Chem. Phys. Lett. 341 (2001) 585; Acta Phys. Polonica B 334 (2003) 3607.] based on the temperature of the reactive particles. We show that the Cukrowski approximation has limited applicability for the large class of reactive systems studied in this paper. The explicit time dependent solutions of the Boltzmann equation demonstrate that the CE approach is valid only for very slow reactions for which the corrections to the equilibrium rate coefficient are very small. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {BIMOLECULAR CHEMICAL-REACTION, Boltzmann equation, BOLTZMANN-EQUATION, Chapman-Enskog, CHAPMAN-ENSKOG METHOD, CHEMISTRY, DILUTE GAS, LORENTZ GAS, MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS, NITROGEN-ATOMS, nonequilibrium, PERTURBATION, REACTIONS, VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION},
	isbn = {0378-4371},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000237687900006},
	author = {Shizgal, B. D. and Chikhaoui, A.}
}
@article {409,
	title = {Velocity distributions of energetic atoms in planetary exospheres from dissociative recombination},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Planets},
	volume = {107},
	number = {E7},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 610UBTimes Cited: 3Cited Reference Count: 47},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {9},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {[1] A kinetic theory description of translational energetic atoms in the upper planetary atmosphere is presented. A new analytical result for the velocity distribution of the products of reactive collisions is described. Our calculation takes into account different temperatures of the reactants and arbitrary dependence of the cross section on the relative velocity of the colliding particles. The final result is applied to the production of hot oxygen and carbon by dissociative recombination of O-2(+) and CO+, respectively. The nascent distribution of hot atoms generated in this way is compared with the earlier Monte Carlo calculations. We use the Boltzmann equation to study the thermalization of the hot oxygen via collisions with the thermal oxygen population. The results of this calculation demonstrate quasi-steady state velocity distribution of high-energy oxygen atoms near the exobase of Venus for daytime conditions.},
	keywords = {Boltzmann equation, CROSS-SECTIONS, dissociative recombination, ESCAPE, gas kinetic, hot atoms, HOT OXYGEN-ATOMS, HYDROGEN, ION STORAGE-RING, MARS, MONTE-CARLO, NITROGEN-ATOMS, theory, UPPER-ATMOSPHERE, VENUS},
	isbn = {0148-0227},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000178978400004},
	author = {Kabin, K. and Shizgal, B. D.}
}
@inbook {5198,
	title = {Hot oxygen in the exosphere of Venus},
	booktitle = {Rarefied Gas Dynamics},
	series = {Aip Conference Proceedings},
	volume = {585},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: BT38RTimes Cited: 1Cited Reference Count: 35Proceedings Paper22nd International Symposium on Rarefied Gas DynamicsJUL 09-14, 2000SYDNEY, AUSTRALIASandia Natl Labs, AFOSR/AOARD, ONR IFO Asia, Far E, DLR, USA Res Off, GAB Consulting Pty Ltd, Telstra2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA},
	pages = {119-126},
	publisher = {Amer Inst Physics},
	organization = {Amer Inst Physics},
	address = {Melville},
	abstract = {It has now been firmly established from both theoretical calculations and observations, that the exospheres of the terrestrial planets have extended coronas of translational energetic oxygen atoms. The current model generally accepted as the source of these hot atoms is the dissociative recombination of OZ, that is, O-2(+) + e(-) {\textendash}> O* + O* where the product O* atoms are translationally energetic. The determination of the extent of this population of superthermal atoms is an important endeavor. The present paper considers a simple model based on the Boltzmann equation for the energy and altitude dependence of the oxygen atom distribution function. The density and temperature distributions are determined with this distribution.},
	keywords = {ESCAPE, FRACTIONATION, GEOCORONA, HYDROGEN, KINETICS, MARS, MODEL, NITROGEN-ATOMS, O(P-3) ATOMS, UPPER-ATMOSPHERE},
	isbn = {0094-243X0-7354-0025-3},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000172834300017},
	author = {Shizgal, B. D.},
	editor = {Bartel, T. J. and Gallis, M. A.}
}
@article {4665,
	title = {Escape of H and D from Mars and Venus by energization with hot oxygen},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Space Physics},
	volume = {104},
	number = {A7},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 211WWTimes Cited: 12Cited Reference Count: 51},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {14833-14846},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A kinetic theory collisional production model is used to determine the product velocity distributions of H and D resulting from collisional energy transfer with hot oxygen. The energetic oxygen atoms are the products of the dissociative recombination of O-2(+). Quantum mechanical cross sections for O-H and O-D collisions are used to determine the production distributions. The distributions of the particles entering a collision are assumed to be Maxwellian functions. The fraction of atoms with speeds above the escape speed is determined for Venus and Mars. For Venus, available density and temperature profiles are used to obtain estimates of the H and D escape fluxes and fractionation ratios.},
	keywords = {CHARGE-EXCHANGE, dissociative recombination, ENERGY-TRANSFER, FRACTIONATION, HYDROGEN, NITROGEN-ATOMS, O(P-3) ATOMS, REACTIVE SYSTEMS, THERMOSPHERE, UPPER-ATMOSPHERE},
	isbn = {0148-0227},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000081185700036},
	author = {Shizgal, B. D.}
}
@article {3810,
	title = {Nonthermal escape of the atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars},
	journal = {Reviews of Geophysics},
	volume = {34},
	number = {4},
	year = {1996},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: VU919Times Cited: 37Cited Reference Count: 188},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {483-505},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {Atmospheric loss from planetary atmospheres is an important geophysical problem with implications for planetary evolution. This is a multidisciplinary research field that requires an expertise in a wide range of subjects including statistical mechanics, fluid mechanics, plasma physics, collision theory, and surface science. This paper is a review of the current state of our understanding of atmospheric loss from the terrestrial planets. A detailed discussion is provided of the basic concepts required to understand the processes occurring in the high-altitude portion of a planetary atmosphere referred to as the exosphere. Light atomic species with sufficient translational energy can escape from an atmosphere. The translational energy required for escape could be thermal energy and proportional to the ambient temperature or the result of some collisional processes energizing the species above thermal energies. These collisional processes, which include charge exchange and dissociative recombination between energetic ions, neutrals, and electrons, are referred to as nonthermal escape processes. We highlight the similarities and differences in the important escape mechanisms on the terrestrial planets and comment on application of these mechanisms to evolutionary theories of the terrestrial atmospheres. The emphasis in this paper is directed toward the need to consider the exosphere as collisional.},
	keywords = {CHARGE-EXCHANGE, dissociative recombination, FRACTIONATION, HOT OXYGEN GEOCORONA, MAGNETIC-FIELD, MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC MODEL, MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE, mass, MULTISPECIES, NITROGEN-ATOMS, SOLAR-WIND INTERACTION, ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETER EXPERIMENT},
	isbn = {8755-1209},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996VU91900004},
	author = {Shizgal, B. D. and Arkos, G. G.}
}
