@article {724,
	title = {Characterization of copper-complexing ligands in seawater using immobilized copper(Il)-ion affinity chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {83},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2003},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 743RZTimes Cited: 13Cited Reference Count: 44Ocean Sciences Meeting 2002FEB 11-15, 2002HONOLULU, HAWAII},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {47-58},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {Electrochemical studies show that copper and other bioactive trace metals are associated almost exclusively with dissolved organic ligands in surface seawater. Some of these ligands may be released by photosynthetic marine organisms to control metal uptake. However, new analytical approaches are needed to determine the chemical composition and ecological significance of these compounds. We have combined immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to selectively extract and characterize copper-complexing ligands in seawater. Samples taken from British Columbia coastal waters were filtered through mixed cellulose membranes (0.45 mum) using nitrogen overpressure. Compounds with an affinity for copper were then extracted using Cu(II)-IMAC and eluted in acidified seawater. The eluant was monitored using UV absorption (255 nm), which showed that IMAC extracts from river and surface waters contained the highest concentrations of U-V-absorbing organic matter. Fractions were collected and analyzed by flow-injection (FI) negative ion ESI-MS using a custom made XAD-16 column, which gave 82\% recovery and a detection limit of 1.6 pmol for salicylic acid in acidified seawater. Low-molecular-weight compounds containing nitrogen were detected in the IMAC extracts of highest UV absorbance. These compounds followed an elution profile similar to the corresponding UV chromatogram. Measured masses of 265 and 259 Da are consistent with peptides containing, respectively, one thiol and two primary amino groups, characteristics associated with copper-complexing ligands detected in marine algal cultures and surface seawater using other methods. However, the absence of positive ions under experimental conditions suggests that the extracted compounds are predominantly acidic, and may therefore be hydroxamic acids or other nitrogen-containing compounds. The use of alternative resins and FI solvents to improve recovery, increase ionization efficiency, and permit structural (MS/MS) analysis of compounds extracted by IMAC is now being investigated. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {CHROMATOGRAPHY, COMPLEXATION, CU, DISSOLVED COPPER, electrospray ionization, ESTUARINE WATER, iron, LIGANDS, marine environment, MARINE-BACTERIA, MASS SPECTROMETRY, OCEAN, organic compounds, ORGANIC-LIGANDS, PHYTOPLANKTON, SPECIATION, stress},
	isbn = {0304-4203},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000186588500006},
	author = {Ross, A. R. S. and Ikonomou, M. G. and Orians, K. J.}
}
@article {5001,
	title = {Growth and characterization of Cr2N/CrN multilayer coatings},
	journal = {Surface \& Coatings Technology},
	volume = {140},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 440PQTimes Cited: 26Cited Reference Count: 30},
	month = {May},
	pages = {269-277},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A series of monolithic and multilayer coatings of chromium nitride with various compositions and architectures were deposited at low temperatures (< 200 degreesC) on silicon substrates using ion-assisted reactive magnetron sputtering. All coatings had a total thickness in the 1.5 +/- 0.3 mum range. The multilayer coatings were designed such that their period and CrN fraction varied in the range 30-150 nm and 0.50-0.93, respectively. Real-time in situ ellipsometry was used to monitor and control the deposition process. The deposited coatings were characterized post-deposition using X-ray diffraction (XRD): Rutherford backscattering (RBS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The primary chromium nitride phases (Cr2N and CrN) in the films were identified using XRD. The chemical composition of selected samples was determined from RES and XPS measurements. The phase composition of the deposited layers was deduced from the analysis of the SE data. The mechanical properties of the coatings were evaluated using a nanoindenter. The measured hardness values were in excess of 20 GPa. The results of the different characterization and testing techniques were correlated and follow-up work on this project suggested. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {chromium nitride, CHROMIUM NITRIDE FILMS, CRN, DEPOSITION, ellipsometry, HARD, MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES, multilayer, nano-indentation, REACTIVE, sputtering, stress, TIN/NBN SUPERLATTICE COATINGS},
	isbn = {0257-8972},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000169183800013},
	author = {Aouadi, S. M. and Schultze, D. M. and Rohde, S. L. and Wong, K. C. and Mitchell, K. A. R.}
}
