@article {4156,
	title = {C-14-Labeled microcystin-LR administered to Atlantic salmon via intraperitoneal injection provides in vivo evidence for covalent binding of microcystin-LR in salmon livers},
	journal = {Toxicon},
	volume = {35},
	number = {6},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: XG731Times Cited: 32Cited Reference Count: 18},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {985-989},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The tissue distribution and clearance of radiolabeled microcystin-LR administered to Atlantic salmon via i.p. injection has been re-examined using uniformly C-14-labeled toxin, Significant differences were found to exist between these results and those obtained when fish received an i.p. injection of tritium-labeled dihydromicrocystin-LR. In addition, MeOH liver extracts were assayed by both phosphatase assay and C-14 counts and the results compared with the total levels of incorporation determined by digestion and subsequent C-14 counting of the same liver tissues. An attempt to investigate the metabolism and to document the putative products was also undertaken. It was found that microcystin-LR was extensively metabolized to compounds that are more polar than the parent compound. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.},
	keywords = {biotransformation, CHROMATOGRAPHY, DIARRHETIC SHELLFISH TOXINS, DISEASE, IDENTIFICATION, INHIBITOR, POTENT, PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE, TISSUE DISTRIBUTION, TYPE-1},
	isbn = {0041-0101},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997XG73100017},
	author = {Williams, D. E. and Craig, M. and Dawe, S. C. and Kent, M. L. and Andersen, R. J. and Holmes, C. F. B.}
}
@article {4157,
	title = {Evidence for a covalently bound form of microcystin-LR in salmon liver and dungeness crab larvae},
	journal = {Chemical Research in Toxicology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {4},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: WU385Times Cited: 56Cited Reference Count: 55},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {463-469},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The chemically unique nature of the C-20 beta-amino acid (2S,3S,8S,9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoi c acid (Adda) portion of the microcystins has been exploited to develop a strategy to analyze for the total microcystin-1R (1; see Figure 1) burden in salmon liver and crab larvae tissues. Lemieux oxidation of microcystin-LR (1) gives 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid (2), a unique marker for the presence of microcystins. The butanoic acid 2 can be isolated and detected by GC/MS from the livers of Atlantic salmon that received an ip injection of microcystin-1R (1) and from tissues of wild-caught crab larvae. The Lemieux oxidation-GC/MS results are compared with those from MeOH extraction-PPase analysis. Only similar to 24\% of the total microcystin-1R (1) burden in salmon liver tissue is found to be extractable with MeOH. Similarly, the Lemieux oxidation-GC/MS method detected 10 000-fold greater microcystin concentrations in Cypress Island Dungeness crab larvae than did the MeOH extraction-PPase method. The disparity in microcystin concentrations measured by the two methods is taken as direct evidence for the existence of covalently bound microcystins in vivo.},
	keywords = {BLUE-GREEN-ALGAE, CYCLIC, DIARRHETIC SHELLFISH TOXINS, DIHYDROMICROCYSTIN-LR, HEPATOCELLULAR, OKADAIC ACID, PEPTIDE TOXIN, PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE INHIBITORS, RAT-LIVER, TISSUE DISTRIBUTION, TUMOR PROMOTION, UPTAKE},
	isbn = {0893-228X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997WU38500017},
	author = {Williams, D. E. and Craig, M. and Dawe, S. C. and Kent, M. L. and Holmes, C. F. B. and Andersen, R. J.}
}
@article {3825,
	title = {Pyrrolic photosensitizers},
	journal = {Current Medicinal Chemistry},
	volume = {3},
	number = {4},
	year = {1996},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: VE317Times Cited: 21Cited Reference Count: 172},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {239-272},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {There are three major classes of photosensitizers which can initiate a phototoxic effect to tissues upon irradiation. These are the cationic dyes (Type I Photosensitizer), the psoralens (Type I and II Photosensitizer), and cyclic polypyrrolic compounds (Type II Photosensitizer). The polypyrrolic compounds such as porphyrins have been investigated since the late 1800{\textquoteright}s for their ability to destroy tissue. In the last ten years, compounds such as chlorins and expanded porphyrins have begun to dominate the preclinical field because they can be activated with light at wavelengths tissue does not effectively absorb. The results of these investigation have been reported in more than 10,000 papers in the field covering aspects from mechanisms of action, photophysics, structure activity relationships, new compound development and clinical investigations. With the approval of PHOTOFRIN(R), (porfimer sodium), the first of the pyrrolic compounds to win acceptance by international regulatory bodies and with nearly 10 other second generation compounds undergoing early clinical trials for diseases ranging from esophageal and skin cancers to age related macular degeneration, the field of photodynamic therapy would seem to have a bright future.},
	keywords = {BENZOPORPHYRIN DERIVATIVES, capillary electrophoresis, ENDOGENOUS, M-THPC, MOUSE-TUMOR MODEL, PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY, PHOTOFRIN-II, PLASMA-LIPOPROTEINS, PROTOPORPHYRIN, RING-A BPD, TISSUE DISTRIBUTION},
	isbn = {0929-8673},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996VE31700002},
	author = {Sternberg, E. and Dolphin, D.}
}
@article {3618,
	title = {Structure and biodistribution relationships of photodynamic sensitizers},
	journal = {Photochemistry and Photobiology},
	volume = {64},
	number = {3},
	year = {1996},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: VG533Times Cited: 269Cited Reference Count: 77},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {469-485},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has, during the last quarter century, developed into a fully fledged biomedical field with its own association, the International Photodynamic Association (TPA) and regular conferences devoted solely to this topic, Recent approval of the first PDT sensitizer, Photofrin(R) (porfiner sodium), by health boards in Canada, Japan, the Netherlands and United States for use against certain types of solid tumors represents, perhaps, the single most significant indicator of the progress of PDT from a laboratory research concept to clinical reality. The approval of Photofrin(R) will undoubtedly encourage the accelerated development of second-generation photosensitizers, which have recently been the subject of intense study, Many of these second-generation drugs show significant differences, when compared to Photofrin(R), in terms of treatment times postinjection, light doses and drug doses required for optimal results, These differences can ultimately be attributed to variations in either the quantum efficiency of the photosensitizer in situ, which is in turn affected by aggregation state, localized concentration of endogenous quenchers and primary photophysics of the dye, or the intratumoral and intracellular localization of the photosensitizer at the time of activation with light, The purpose of this review is to bring together data relating to the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of second-generation sensitizers and attempt to correlate this with structural and electronic features of these molecules, As this requires a clear knowledge of photosensitizer structure, only chemically well-characterized compounds are included, e,g. Photofrin(R) and crude sulfonated phthalocyanines have been excluded as they are known to be complex mixtures, Nonporphyrin-based photosensitizers, e,g, rose bengal and the hypericins, have also been omitted to allow meaningful comparisons to be made between different compounds, As the intracellular distribution of photosensitizers to organelles and other subcellular structures can have a large effect on PDT efficacy, a section will be devoted to this topic.},
	keywords = {CHLORIN-E6, HUMAN-MALIGNANT TUMOR, IN-VIVO FLUORESCENCE, L-ASPARTYL, LASER SCANNING, LIPOSOME-DELIVERED SI(IV)-NAPHTHALOCYANINE, microscopy, MOUSE-TUMOR MODEL, PHOTOSENSITIZING PROPERTIES, RING-A BPD, SULFONATED ALUMINUM PHTHALOCYANINES, TISSUE DISTRIBUTION},
	isbn = {0031-8655},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996VG53300012},
	author = {Boyle, R. W. and Dolphin, D.}
}
