@article {2658,
	title = {Composition of secondary alcohols, ketones, alkanediols, and ketols in Arabidopsis thaliana cuticular waxes},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Botany},
	volume = {60},
	number = {6},
	year = {2009},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 437ZCTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 25Wen, Miao Jetter, Reinhard},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {1811-1821},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Arabidopsis wax components containing secondary functional groups were examined (i) to test the biosynthetic relationship between secondary alcohols and ketols and (ii) to determine the regiospecificity and substrate preference of the enzyme involved in ketol biosynthesis. The stem wax of Arabidopsis wild type contained homologous series of C-27 to C-31 secondary alcohols (2.4 mu g cm(-2)) and C-28 to C-30 ketones (6.0 mu g cm(-2)) dominated by C-29 homologues. In addition, compound classes containing two secondary functional groups were identified as C-29 diols (similar to 0.05 mu g cm(-2)) and ketols (similar to 0.16 mu g cm(-2)). All four compound classes showed characteristic isomer distributions, with functional groups located between C-14 and C-16. In the mah1 mutant stem wax, diols and ketols could not be detected, while the amounts of secondary alcohols and ketones were drastically reduced. In two MAH1-overexpressing lines, equal amounts of C-29 and C-31 secondary alcohols were detected. Based on the comparison of homologue and isomer compositions between the different genotypes, it can be concluded that biosynthetic pathways lead from alkanes to secondary alcohols, and via ketones or diols to ketols. It seems plausible that MAH1 is the hydroxylase enzyme involved in all these conversions in Arabidopsis thaliana.},
	keywords = {BRASSICA-OLERACEA, chain lengths, CHROMATOGRAPHY, cytochrome P450, ECERIFERUM MUTANTS, EPICUTICULAR WAXES, fatty acid derivatives, GAS, HYDROXYLATION, LEAF WAXES, LEAVES, MAH1, MASS SPECTROMETRY, neutral lipids, plant surface composition, RESISTANT, ULTRASTRUCTURE, wax},
	isbn = {0022-0957},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000265524400023},
	author = {Wen, M. and Jetter, R.}
}
@article {2345,
	title = {Phylogenetic ecology of leaf surface traits in the milkweeds (Asclepias spp.): chemistry, ecophysiology, and insect behavior},
	journal = {New Phytologist},
	volume = {183},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 472AKTimes Cited: 4Cited Reference Count: 89Agrawal, Anurag A. Fishbein, Mark Jetter, Reinhard Salminen, Juha-Pekka Goldstein, Jessica B. Freitag, Amy E. Sparks, Jed P.},
	pages = {848-867},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {P>The leaf surface is the contact point between plants and the environment and plays a crucial role in mediating biotic and abiotic interactions. Here, we took a phylogenetic approach to investigate the function, trade-offs, and evolution of leaf surface traits in the milkweeds (Asclepias). Across 47 species, we found trichome densities of up to 3000 trichomes cm(-2) and epicuticular wax crystals (glaucousness) on 10 species. Glaucous species had a characteristic wax composition dominated by very-long-chain aldehydes. The ancestor of the milkweeds was probably a glaucous species, from which there have been several independent origins of glabrous and pubescent types. Trichomes and wax crystals showed negatively correlated evolution, with both surface types showing an affinity for arid habitats. Pubescent and glaucous milkweeds had a higher maximum photosynthetic rate and lower stomatal density than glabrous species. Pubescent and glaucous leaf surfaces impeded settling behavior of monarch caterpillars and aphids compared with glabrous species, although surface types did not show consistent differentiation in secondary chemistry. We hypothesize that pubescence and glaucousness have evolved as alternative mechanisms with similar functions. The glaucous type, however, appears to be ancestral, lost repeatedly, and never regained; we propose that trichomes are a more evolutionarily titratable strategy. New Phytologist (2009) 183: 848-867doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02897.x.},
	keywords = {adaptation to arid environments, ALDEHYDES, CARBON ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION, cardenolides, CHARACTERS, CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION, cuticular, cuticular waxes, DISCRETE, EPICUTICULAR WAX CRYSTALS, EVOLUTION, IN-VITRO RECONSTITUTION, LEAVES, monarch butterfly caterpillar (Danaus plexippus), plant defense, STRATEGIES, syndromes, trichomes, UV PHOTOPROTECTION, water use efficiency, waxes},
	isbn = {0028-646X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000268100800031},
	author = {Agrawal, A. A. and Fishbein, M. and Jetter, R. and Salminen, J. P. and Goldstein, J. B. and Freitag, A. E. and Sparks, J. P.}
}
@article {1626,
	title = {Nanotubules on plant surfaces: Chemical composition of epicuticular wax crystals on needles of Taxus baccata L},
	journal = {Phytochemistry},
	volume = {67},
	number = {16},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 090QVTimes Cited: 13Cited Reference Count: 24Wen, Miao Buschhaus, Christopher Jetter, Reinhard},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {1808-1817},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Needles of Taxus baccata L. were covered with tubular epicuticular wax crystals varying in diameters (100 and 250 nm) and lengths (300-500 and 500-1000 nm) on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces, respectively. Various sampling protocols were employed to study the chemical composition of the needle waxes on three different levels of spatial resolution. First, a dipping extraction of whole needles yielded the total cuticular wax mixture consisting of very long chain fatty acids (21\%), alkanediols (19\%), phenyl esters (15\%), and secondary alcohols (9\%) together with small amounts of aldehydes, primary alcohols, alkanes, alkyl esters, and tocopherols. Second, waxes from both sides of the needle were sampled separately by brushing with CHCl3-soaked fabric glass. Both sides showed very similar qualitative composition, but differed drastically in quantitative aspects, with nonacosan-10-ol (18\%) and alkanediols (33\%) dominating the abaxial and adaxial waxes, respectively. Third, the epi- and intracuticular wax layers were selectively sampled by a combination of mechanical wax removal and brushing extraction. This provided direct evidence that the tubular wax crystals contained high percentages of nonacosane-4,10-diol and nonacosane-5,10-diol on the abaxial surface, and nonacosan-10-ol on the adaxial surface of the needles. Together with these compounds, relatively large amounts of fatty acids and smaller percentages of aldehydes, primary alcohols, alkyl esters, and alkanes co-crystallized in the epicuticular layer. In comparison, the intracuticular wax consisted of higher portions of cyclic constituents and aliphatics with relatively high polarity. The formation of the tubular crystals is discussed as a spontaneous physicochemical process, involving the establishment of gradients between the epi- and intracuticular wax layers and local phase separation. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {composition, CUTICULAR WAX, IN-VITRO RECONSTITUTION, LEAF CUTICULAR WAXES, LEAVES, SECONDARY ALCOHOLS, SURFACE, Taxaceae, Taxus baccata, yew needles},
	isbn = {0031-9422},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000240966900015},
	author = {Wen, M. and Buschhaus, C. and Jetter, R.}
}
@article {1122,
	title = {What do microbes encounter at the plant surface ? Chemical composition of pea leaf cuticular waxes},
	journal = {Plant Physiology},
	volume = {139},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 962WZTimes Cited: 31Cited Reference Count: 37},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {519-530},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {In the cuticular wax mixtures from leaves of pea ( Pisum sativum) cv Avanta, cv Lincoln, and cv Maiperle, more than 70 individual compounds were identified. The adaxial wax was characterized by very high amounts of primary alcohols ( 71\%), while the abaxial wax consisted mainly of alkanes ( 73\%). An aqueous adhesive of gum arabic was employed to selectively sample the epicuticular wax layer on pea leaves and hence to analyze the composition of epicuticular crystals exposed at the outermost surface of leaves. The epicuticular layer was found to contain 74\% and 83\% of the total wax on adaxial and abaxial surfaces, respectively. The platelet-shaped crystals on the adaxial leaf surface consisted of a mixture dominated by hexacosanol, accompanied by substantial amounts of octacosanol and hentriacontane. In contrast, the ribbon-shaped wax crystals on the abaxial surface consisted mainly of hentriacontane (63\%), with approximately 5\% each of hexacosanol and octacosanol being present. Based on this detailed chemical analysis of the wax exposed at the leaf surface, their importance for early events in the interaction with host-specific pathogenic fungi can now be evaluated. On adaxial surfaces, approximately 80\% of Erysiphe pisi spores germinated and 70\% differentiated appressoria. In contrast, significantly lower germination efficiencies (57\%) and appressoria formation rates (49\%) were found for abaxial surfaces. In conclusion, the influence of the physical structure and the chemical composition of the host surface, and especially of epicuticular leaf waxes, on the prepenetration processes of biotrophic fungi is discussed.},
	keywords = {APPRESSORIUM FORMATION, BLUMERIA-GRAMINIS, COLLETOTRICHUM-GLOEOSPORIOIDES, cuticle, EPICUTICULAR WAX, ERYSIPHE-GRAMINIS, GERMINATION, INTRACUTICULAR LIPIDS, LEAVES, PISUM-SATIVUM L},
	isbn = {0032-0889},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000231765300049},
	author = {Gniwotta, F. and Vogg, G. and Gartmann, V. and Carver, T. L. W. and Riederer, M. and Jetter, R.}
}
