@article {2401,
	title = {Arabidopsis LTPG Is a Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Lipid Transfer Protein Required for Export of Lipids to the Plant Surface},
	journal = {Plant Cell},
	volume = {21},
	number = {4},
	year = {2009},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 448XRTimes Cited: 13Cited Reference Count: 42DeBono, Allan Yeats, Trevor H. Rose, Jocelyn K. C. Bird, David Jetter, Reinhard Kunst, Ljerka Samuelsa, Lacey},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {1230-1238},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Plant epidermal cells dedicate more than half of their lipid metabolism to the synthesis of cuticular lipids, which seal and protect the plant shoot. The cuticle is made up of a cutin polymer and waxes, diverse hydrophobic compounds including very-long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives. How such hydrophobic compounds are exported to the cuticle, especially through the hydrophilic plant cell wall, is not known. By performing a reverse genetic screen, we have identified LTPG, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored lipid transfer protein that is highly expressed in the epidermis during cuticle biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence stems. Mutant plant lines with decreased LTPG expression had reduced wax load on the stem surface, showing that LTPG is involved either directly or indirectly in cuticular lipid deposition. In vitro 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulfonate assays showed that recombinant LTPG has the capacity to bind to this lipid probe. LTPG was primarily localized to the plasma membrane on all faces of stem epidermal cells in the growing regions of inflorescence stems where wax is actively secreted. These data suggest that LTPG may function as a component of the cuticular lipid export machinery.},
	keywords = {ABC TRANSPORTER, BINDING, CELLS, CUTICULAR WAX, GENE, GENOME-WIDE, MEMBRANE-PROTEINS, PHOSPHOLIPASE-D, PREDICTION SERVER, SEQUENCE TAGS},
	isbn = {1040-4651},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000266295800020},
	author = {DeBono, A. and Yeats, T. H. and Rose, J. K. C. and Bird, D. and Jetter, R. and Kunst, L. and Samuelsa, L.}
}
@article {2113,
	title = {Plant surface lipid biosynthetic pathways and their utility for metabolic engineering of waxes and hydrocarbon biofuels},
	journal = {Plant Journal},
	volume = {54},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 299KRTimes Cited: 12Cited Reference Count: 122Jetter, Reinhard Kunst, Ljerka},
	month = {May},
	pages = {670-683},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {Due to their unique physical properties, waxes are high-value materials that are used in a variety of industrial applications. They are generated by chemical synthesis, extracted from fossil sources, or harvested from a small number of plant and animal species. As a result, the diversity of chemical structures in commercial waxes is low and so are their yields. These limitations can be overcome by engineering of wax biosynthetic pathways in the seeds of high-yielding oil crops to produce designer waxes for specific industrial end uses. In this review, we first summarize the current knowledge regarding the genes and enzymes generating the chemical diversity of cuticular waxes that accumulate at the surfaces of primary plant organs. We then consider the potential of cuticle biosynthetic genes for biotechnological wax production, focusing on selected examples of wax ester chain lengths and isomers. Finally, we discuss the genes/enzymes of cuticular alkane biosynthesis and their potential in future metabolic engineering of plants for the production of renewable hydrocarbon fuels.},
	keywords = {ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA, BRASSICA-OLERACEA, chain lengths, CONDENSING ENZYME, CUTICULAR WAX, cuticular waxes, ECERIFERUM MUTANTS, EPICUTICULAR WAX, ESTERS, fatty acid elongation, FATTY ACYL-COENZYME, HYDROCARBONS, industrial products, LEAVES PISUM-SATIVUM, MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION, SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE},
	isbn = {0960-7412},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000255755000012},
	author = {Jetter, R. and Kunst, L.}
}
@article {1626,
	title = {Nanotubules on plant surfaces: Chemical composition of epicuticular wax crystals on needles of Taxus baccata L},
	journal = {Phytochemistry},
	volume = {67},
	number = {16},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 090QVTimes Cited: 13Cited Reference Count: 24Wen, Miao Buschhaus, Christopher Jetter, Reinhard},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {1808-1817},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Needles of Taxus baccata L. were covered with tubular epicuticular wax crystals varying in diameters (100 and 250 nm) and lengths (300-500 and 500-1000 nm) on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces, respectively. Various sampling protocols were employed to study the chemical composition of the needle waxes on three different levels of spatial resolution. First, a dipping extraction of whole needles yielded the total cuticular wax mixture consisting of very long chain fatty acids (21\%), alkanediols (19\%), phenyl esters (15\%), and secondary alcohols (9\%) together with small amounts of aldehydes, primary alcohols, alkanes, alkyl esters, and tocopherols. Second, waxes from both sides of the needle were sampled separately by brushing with CHCl3-soaked fabric glass. Both sides showed very similar qualitative composition, but differed drastically in quantitative aspects, with nonacosan-10-ol (18\%) and alkanediols (33\%) dominating the abaxial and adaxial waxes, respectively. Third, the epi- and intracuticular wax layers were selectively sampled by a combination of mechanical wax removal and brushing extraction. This provided direct evidence that the tubular wax crystals contained high percentages of nonacosane-4,10-diol and nonacosane-5,10-diol on the abaxial surface, and nonacosan-10-ol on the adaxial surface of the needles. Together with these compounds, relatively large amounts of fatty acids and smaller percentages of aldehydes, primary alcohols, alkyl esters, and alkanes co-crystallized in the epicuticular layer. In comparison, the intracuticular wax consisted of higher portions of cyclic constituents and aliphatics with relatively high polarity. The formation of the tubular crystals is discussed as a spontaneous physicochemical process, involving the establishment of gradients between the epi- and intracuticular wax layers and local phase separation. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {composition, CUTICULAR WAX, IN-VITRO RECONSTITUTION, LEAF CUTICULAR WAXES, LEAVES, SECONDARY ALCOHOLS, SURFACE, Taxaceae, Taxus baccata, yew needles},
	isbn = {0031-9422},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000240966900015},
	author = {Wen, M. and Buschhaus, C. and Jetter, R.}
}
@article {792,
	title = {The SHINE clade of AP2 domain transcription factors activates wax biosynthesis, alters cuticle properties, and confers drought tolerance when overexpressed in Arabidopsis},
	journal = {Plant Cell},
	volume = {16},
	number = {9},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 854TTTimes Cited: 99Cited Reference Count: 62},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {2463-2480},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The interface between plants and the environment plays a dual role as a protective barrier as well as a medium for the exchange of gases, water, and nutrients. The primary aerial plant surfaces are covered by a cuticle, acting as the essential permeability barrier toward the atmosphere. It is a heterogeneous layer composed mainly of lipids, namely cutin and intracuticular wax with epicuticular waxes deposited on the surface. We identified an Arabidopsis thaliana activation tag gain-of-function mutant shine (shn) that displayed a brilliant, shiny green leaf surface with increased cuticular wax compared with the leaves of wild-type plants. The gene responsible for the phenotype encodes one member of a clade of three proteins of undisclosed function, belonging to the plant-specific family of AP2/EREBP transcription factors. Overexpression of all three SHN clade genes conferred a phenotype similar to that of the original shn mutant. Biochemically, such plants were altered in wax composition (very long fatty acid derivatives). Total cuticular wax levels were increased sixfold in shn compared with the wild type, mainly because of a ninefold increase in alkanes that comprised approximately half of the total waxes in the mutant. Chlorophyll leaching assays and fresh weight loss experiments indicated that overexpression of the SHN genes increased cuticle permeability, probably because of changes in its ultrastructure. Likewise, SHN gene overexpression altered leaf and petal epidermal cell structure, trichome number, and branching as well as the stomatal index. Interestingly, SHN overexpressors displayed significant drought tolerance and recovery, probably related to the reduced stomatal density. Expression analysis using promoter-beta-glucuronidase fusions of the SHN genes provides evidence for the role of the SHN clade in plant protective layers, such as those formed during abscission, dehiscence, wounding, tissue strengthening, and the cuticle. We propose that these diverse functions are mediated by regulating metabolism of lipid and/or cell wall components.},
	keywords = {CER MUTANTS, CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION, CONDENSING ENZYME, CUTICULAR WAX, ECERIFERUM, EPICUTICULAR WAX, EPIDERMAL-CELL DIFFERENTIATION, ORGAN FUSION, POLLEN FERTILITY, RESPONSIVE GENE-EXPRESSION, SEPARATION PROCESSES},
	isbn = {1040-4651},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000223927000018},
	author = {Aharoni, A. and Dixit, S. and Jetter, R. and Thoenes, E. and van Arkel, G. and Pereira, A.}
}
