@article {4158,
	title = {Bioaccumulation and clearance of microcystins from salt water, mussels, Mytilus edulis, and in vivo evidence for covalently bound microcystins in mussel tissues},
	journal = {Toxicon},
	volume = {35},
	number = {11},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: YM145Times Cited: 73Cited Reference Count: 48},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {1617-1625},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Over a period of 3 days saltwater mussels, Mytilus edulis, were fed a cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa, that contained a high concentration of microcystins, The mussels were killed on a periodic basis over the course of 2 months, Mussels were also collected at two sites were high levels of microcystins in tissues had been noted. A strategy based on the chemically unique nature of the C-20 beta-amino acid, (2S,3S,8S,9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoi c acid (Adda), portion of the microcystins was used in conjunction with a protein phosphatase (PPase) assay to analyse for both covalently bound microcystins and free microcystins in the mussel tissues, The mussel PPase assay results were compared with the Lemieux oxidation gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. Less than 0.1\% of the total microcystin burden in the mussel tissue was found to be extractable with MeOH. Thus, direct evidence was provided for the existence of covalently bound microcystins in mussel tissues in vivo. The mussels rapidly cleared the covalently bound microcystins when transferred to untreated seawater. Within 4 days the total microcystin burden dropped from a high of 336.9 (+/- 45.8) mu g/g wet tissue to 11.3 (+/- 2.6) mu g/g. After 4 days postexposure until completion of the experiment the total levels remained below the detection limits of the GCMS method, The levels of free microcystins, extracted with MeOH and detected by the PPase assay, fell from 204 ng/g wet tissue to a residual 14 ng/g over a 53 day postexposure period. Presumably the bound microcystin present in the mussel tissue exists as a covalent complex with the PP-1 and PP-2A enzymes. We conclude that in any shellfish monitoring program it is the total tissue microcystin burden that needs to be considered. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.},
	keywords = {AERUGINOSA, BLUE-GREEN-ALGAE, cyanobacteria, DIARRHETIC SHELLFISH TOXINS, IDENTIFICATION, LR, OKADAIC ACID, PEPTIDE TOXIN, PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE INHIBITORS, TUMOR PROMOTION},
	isbn = {0041-0101},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000071033700005},
	author = {Williams, D. E. and Dawe, S. C. and Kent, M. L. and Andersen, R. J. and Craig, M. and Holmes, C. F. B.}
}
@article {3552,
	title = {TISSUE DISTRIBUTION AND CLEARANCE OF TRITIUM-LABELED DIHYDROMICROCYSTIN-LR EPIMERS ADMINISTERED TO ATLANTIC SALMON VIA INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION},
	journal = {Toxicon},
	volume = {33},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: QQ042Times Cited: 33Cited Reference Count: 20},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {125-131},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The two epimers of [H-3]dihydromicrocystin-LR (spec. act. 32.6 mu Ci/mu mole) were synthesized by reduction of microcystin-LR, a cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxin, with sodium boro[H-3]hydride. In Atlantic salmon, following an i.p. injection of the epimers (0.1 mg of toxin/100 g), the toxins were; after 2 hr, concentrated in the liver and pyloric caeca and intestine; after 5 and 22 hr, concentrated in the liver; and after 46 hr concentrated in the liver and kidney. The maximum concentration in the liver, 4.9 +/- 0.5\% of the injected dose, was observed at 5 hr. At 46 hr the incorporation of tritium in the liver was 2.4\%. The total whole body incorporation of tritium label at 2, 5, 22 and 46 hr was 67.9 +/- 7.3\%, 78.4 +/- 3.1\%, 54.5 +/- 6.6\% and 12.2\%, respectively. The per cent levels of incorporation are significantly lower and the clearance rates are significantly higher than those observed in mice. The ratio of relative concentrations of radiolabel observed in the livers and flesh indicates that extremely low levels of microcystin-LR would be present in the flesh of fish afflicted with {\textquoteright}netpen liver disease{\textquoteright}. Coupled with further evidence, it is suggested that the consumption of Atlantic salmon suffering from {\textquoteright}netpen liver disease{\textquoteright} does not represent a potential human health hazard.},
	keywords = {AERUGINOSA, DIARRHETIC SHELLFISH TOXINS, HEPATOTOXINS, IDENTIFICATION, MICROCYSTIN-LR, NETPEN LIVER-DISEASE, TOXICITY},
	isbn = {0041-0101},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1995QQ04200002},
	author = {Williams, D. E. and Kent, M. L. and Andersen, R. J. and Klix, H. and Holmes, C. F. B.}
}
