@article {2306,
	title = {A switching rule for plastics identification in electronics recycling},
	journal = {International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing},
	volume = {21},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 339PRTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 39Williams, J. A. S. Qu, X. Rios, P. Wieland, J. Grant, E.},
	pages = {730-743},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The looming obsolescence of 3 billion consumer electronics by 2010 calls for effective recycling of 10 billion pounds of high-value engineering thermoplastics. Because general shredding operations generate mixed plastics of low value, a switching rule is needed rapidly to identify plastics for sortation by colour and type to increase plastics-to-plastics recycling value. The current paper develops a heuristic rule to determine the thresholds for a switching rule that reduces set-up time while managing queue space. Our recycling system is modelled as a multiclass queuing network in a simulation model. Results indicate that laser identification probe utilization, setups, and queue space are sensitive to the switching rule. Our work contributes important insights into the relationship between traffic intensity, setup time, and queue capacity, and generalizes to multiclass queuing systems in other applications.},
	keywords = {electronics recycling, IDENTIFICATION, multiclass queuing network, NETWORKS, OF-LIFE ELECTRONICS, plastics, RECOVERY, scheduling, switching rules},
	isbn = {0951-192X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000258590000009},
	author = {Williams, J. A. S. and Qu, X. and Rios, P. and Wieland, J. and Grant, E.}
}
@article {1630,
	title = {Plastic separation planning for end-of-life electronics},
	journal = {Ieee Transactions on Electronics Packaging Manufacturing},
	volume = {29},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 046PLTimes Cited: 3Cited Reference Count: 34},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {110-118},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Important challenges remain for sustainable design, manufacture, use, and recycling of electronics including materials selection and disassembly time. This paper examines the value relationship between the quantity of plastics separated and the time required for disassembly and segregation. Labor,costs for disassembly can constitute a large portion of the total acquisition cost for a recycled material. We report work measurement studies conducted on the disassembly of 21 computers, 22 printers, and 32 monitors manufactured by 27 producers in the years from 1984 to 2001. Results include the weight per total separation time for each plastic part. Each recovered part is identified according to polymer resin using laser Raman spectroscopy by chemometric reference to a library of standards. We extrapolate time as well as the product input required to accumulate various specific types of plastic. We develop disassembly policies and show that they are effective for a variety of computer, printer, or monitor models, which is typical of the random product streams that arrive at electronics recycling facilities. The results demonstrate how new laser identification tech- nology and work measurement can be used for plastics separation planning.},
	keywords = {DESIGN, disassembly, electronics recycling, measurement, plastics, Raman spectroscopy, work},
	isbn = {1521-334X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000237823400006},
	author = {Williams, J. A. S. and Grant, E. R. and Rios, P. and Blyler, L. and Tieman, L. and Twining, L. and Bonawi-Tan, W. and Madden, M. and Guthrie, N. R. M.}
}
