@article {2645,
	title = {Composition of the epicuticular and intracuticular wax layers on Kalanchoe daigremontiana (Hamet et Perr. de la Bathie) leaves},
	journal = {Phytochemistry},
	volume = {70},
	number = {7},
	year = {2009},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 475UKTimes Cited: 1Cited Reference Count: 26van Maarseveen, Clare Jetter, Reinhard},
	month = {May},
	pages = {899-906},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Epicuticular and intracuticular waxes from both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaves of Kalanchoe daigremontiana were analyzed. All wax mixtures were found to contain approximately equal amounts of triterpenoids and very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) derivatives. The triterpenoid fraction consisted of glutinol (8-19\% of the total wax) and friedelin (4-9\%), together with smaller amounts of glutanol, glutinol acetate, epifriedelanol, germanicol and beta-amyrin. The VLCFA derivatives comprised C-27-C-35 alkanes (19-37\% of the total wax), C-32-C-34 aldehydes (3-7\%), C-32 and C-34 fatty acids (0.2-3\%), C-26-C-36 primary alcohols (4-8\%), and C-42-C-52 alkyl esters (2-9\%). The wax layers were found to differ in triterpenoid amounts, with the intracuticular wax containing higher percentages of most triterpenoids than the epicuticular wax. Friedelin, the only triterpenoid ketone present, showed the opposite distribution with higher proportions in the epicuticular wax. VLCFA derivatives also accumulated to higher percentages in the epicuticular than in the intracuticular wax layer. Epicuticular wax crystals were observed on both the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {chain length, CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION, Crassulaceae, DUDLEYA, friedelin, glutinol, Kalanchoe daigremontiana, LEAF CUTICULAR WAXES, leaf surface, PINNATA, PLANTS, STEROLS, SURFACES, SYNTHASE, triterpenoids, Very long chain fatty acids},
	isbn = {0031-9422},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000268386700009},
	author = {van Maarseveen, C. and Jetter, R.}
}
@article {2345,
	title = {Phylogenetic ecology of leaf surface traits in the milkweeds (Asclepias spp.): chemistry, ecophysiology, and insect behavior},
	journal = {New Phytologist},
	volume = {183},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 472AKTimes Cited: 4Cited Reference Count: 89Agrawal, Anurag A. Fishbein, Mark Jetter, Reinhard Salminen, Juha-Pekka Goldstein, Jessica B. Freitag, Amy E. Sparks, Jed P.},
	pages = {848-867},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {P>The leaf surface is the contact point between plants and the environment and plays a crucial role in mediating biotic and abiotic interactions. Here, we took a phylogenetic approach to investigate the function, trade-offs, and evolution of leaf surface traits in the milkweeds (Asclepias). Across 47 species, we found trichome densities of up to 3000 trichomes cm(-2) and epicuticular wax crystals (glaucousness) on 10 species. Glaucous species had a characteristic wax composition dominated by very-long-chain aldehydes. The ancestor of the milkweeds was probably a glaucous species, from which there have been several independent origins of glabrous and pubescent types. Trichomes and wax crystals showed negatively correlated evolution, with both surface types showing an affinity for arid habitats. Pubescent and glaucous milkweeds had a higher maximum photosynthetic rate and lower stomatal density than glabrous species. Pubescent and glaucous leaf surfaces impeded settling behavior of monarch caterpillars and aphids compared with glabrous species, although surface types did not show consistent differentiation in secondary chemistry. We hypothesize that pubescence and glaucousness have evolved as alternative mechanisms with similar functions. The glaucous type, however, appears to be ancestral, lost repeatedly, and never regained; we propose that trichomes are a more evolutionarily titratable strategy. New Phytologist (2009) 183: 848-867doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02897.x.},
	keywords = {adaptation to arid environments, ALDEHYDES, CARBON ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION, cardenolides, CHARACTERS, CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION, cuticular, cuticular waxes, DISCRETE, EPICUTICULAR WAX CRYSTALS, EVOLUTION, IN-VITRO RECONSTITUTION, LEAVES, monarch butterfly caterpillar (Danaus plexippus), plant defense, STRATEGIES, syndromes, trichomes, UV PHOTOPROTECTION, water use efficiency, waxes},
	isbn = {0028-646X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000268100800031},
	author = {Agrawal, A. A. and Fishbein, M. and Jetter, R. and Salminen, J. P. and Goldstein, J. B. and Freitag, A. E. and Sparks, J. P.}
}
@article {1625,
	title = {Very-long-chain secondary alcohols and alkanediols in cuticular waxes of Pisum sativum leaves},
	journal = {Phytochemistry},
	volume = {67},
	number = {22},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 108TITimes Cited: 4Cited Reference Count: 18Wen, Miao Au, Jason Gniwotta, Franka Jetter, Reinhard},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {2494-2502},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {In cuticular waxes from leaves of Pisum sativum, 19 secondary alcohols, 10 primary/secondary alkanediols and three secondary/secondary alkanediols were identified by various chemical transformations with product assignment employing GC-MS. The homologous series Of C-29-C-33 secondary alcohols (1.1 mu g/cm(2)) was dominated by hentriacontanol isomers (94\%). Only octacosanediols and trace amounts of hexacosanediols (< 1\%) were detected in the primary/secondary alkanediol faction (0.7 mu g/cm(2)). The secondary/secondary alkanediols (0.12 mu g/cm(2)) contained a single homologue with chain length C-31. All three compound classes showed characteristic isomer distributions with secondary functional groups predominantly located between C-14 and C-16. Based on the isomer compositions, the sequence of biosynthetic steps introducing the hydroxyl functions is discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {biosymbetic pathways, chain length, CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION, EPICUTICULAR WAXES, GC-MS, leaf surface, pea},
	isbn = {0031-9422},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000242261700010},
	author = {Wen, M. and Au, J. and Gniwotta, F. and Jetter, R.}
}
@article {1126,
	title = {Surface composition of myrmecophilic plants: Cuticular wax and glandular trichomes on leaves of Macaranga tanarius},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Ecology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {10},
	year = {2005},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 969XKTimes Cited: 3Cited Reference Count: 30},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {2323-2341},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Primary plant surfaces, covered with cuticles consisting of cutin and waxes, are important substrates for interaction with insects. The composition of leaf surfaces of the myrmecophilic plant Macaranga tanarius was studied. The prenylated flavanone nymphaeol-C was identified in surface extracts and was localized exclusively in glandular trichomes on the abaxial leaf side. The epidermal pavement cells surrounding these trichomes were covered with a smooth film of epicuticular wax from which few small wax crystals protruded. The epicuticular wax amounted to approximately 8 mu g cm(-2), corresponding to 85\% of the wax load on the adaxial as well as the abaxial leaf sides. The epicuticular wax mixtures from both leaf surfaces contained more than 70\% primary alcohols, 14\% fatty acids, 2\% aldehydes, and traces of alkyl acetates, with chain lengths ranging from C-20 to C-38. In contrast, the intracuticular wax layer was largely dominated by triterpenoid alcohols alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, and lupeol. Consequently, these characteristic compounds are not available for direct contact with insects on the plant surface.},
	keywords = {ACID, ANT-PLANTS, BLOOMS, CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION, CREMATOGASTER, DIVERSITY, EPICUTICULAR WAX, EUPHORBIACEAE, flavanones, glandular, isoprenoids, leaf surface, Macaranga tanarius, nymphaeol-C, plant insect interactions, PRENYLFLAVANONES, trichomes},
	isbn = {0098-0331},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000232269000006},
	author = {Guhling, O. and Kinzler, C. and Dreyer, M. and Bringmann, G. and Jetter, R.}
}
@article {792,
	title = {The SHINE clade of AP2 domain transcription factors activates wax biosynthesis, alters cuticle properties, and confers drought tolerance when overexpressed in Arabidopsis},
	journal = {Plant Cell},
	volume = {16},
	number = {9},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 854TTTimes Cited: 99Cited Reference Count: 62},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {2463-2480},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The interface between plants and the environment plays a dual role as a protective barrier as well as a medium for the exchange of gases, water, and nutrients. The primary aerial plant surfaces are covered by a cuticle, acting as the essential permeability barrier toward the atmosphere. It is a heterogeneous layer composed mainly of lipids, namely cutin and intracuticular wax with epicuticular waxes deposited on the surface. We identified an Arabidopsis thaliana activation tag gain-of-function mutant shine (shn) that displayed a brilliant, shiny green leaf surface with increased cuticular wax compared with the leaves of wild-type plants. The gene responsible for the phenotype encodes one member of a clade of three proteins of undisclosed function, belonging to the plant-specific family of AP2/EREBP transcription factors. Overexpression of all three SHN clade genes conferred a phenotype similar to that of the original shn mutant. Biochemically, such plants were altered in wax composition (very long fatty acid derivatives). Total cuticular wax levels were increased sixfold in shn compared with the wild type, mainly because of a ninefold increase in alkanes that comprised approximately half of the total waxes in the mutant. Chlorophyll leaching assays and fresh weight loss experiments indicated that overexpression of the SHN genes increased cuticle permeability, probably because of changes in its ultrastructure. Likewise, SHN gene overexpression altered leaf and petal epidermal cell structure, trichome number, and branching as well as the stomatal index. Interestingly, SHN overexpressors displayed significant drought tolerance and recovery, probably related to the reduced stomatal density. Expression analysis using promoter-beta-glucuronidase fusions of the SHN genes provides evidence for the role of the SHN clade in plant protective layers, such as those formed during abscission, dehiscence, wounding, tissue strengthening, and the cuticle. We propose that these diverse functions are mediated by regulating metabolism of lipid and/or cell wall components.},
	keywords = {CER MUTANTS, CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION, CONDENSING ENZYME, CUTICULAR WAX, ECERIFERUM, EPICUTICULAR WAX, EPIDERMAL-CELL DIFFERENTIATION, ORGAN FUSION, POLLEN FERTILITY, RESPONSIVE GENE-EXPRESSION, SEPARATION PROCESSES},
	isbn = {1040-4651},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000223927000018},
	author = {Aharoni, A. and Dixit, S. and Jetter, R. and Thoenes, E. and van Arkel, G. and Pereira, A.}
}
@article {3029,
	title = {MICROMORPHOLOGICAL AND C-13 NMR CHARACTERIZATION OF A HUMIC, LIGNIC, AND HISTIC FOLISOL FROM BRITISH-COLUMBIA},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Soil Science},
	volume = {74},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: NG042Times Cited: 9Cited Reference Count: 39},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {1-15},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The thick folic (mainly upland forest) materials (> 40 cm of accumulated organic material) that occur in the Coastal Western Hemlock Biogeoclimatic Zone in British Columbia have not been described with regard to the spatial interrelationships of the soil constituents in context with the chemical composition of the different horizons. Micromorphological assessment and solid-state C-13 NMR were used to characterize the accumulated folic materials from a Lignic Folisol (northern Vancouver Island), Histic Folisol (Prince Rupert, BC) and a Humic Folisol (Queen Charlotte Islands, BC). Micromorphology provided information on the spatial relationships of the soil constituents and C-13 NMR provided data on the chemical components of the folic materials. Soil faunal activity, primarily from mites, was the dominant soil-forming process observed in the organic horizons of the Folisols, being especially prominent in the Lignic Folisol with the breakdown of woody materials. Solid state C-13 CPMAS NMR spectra facilitated distinguishing three main types of horizons: (1) Horizons derived from accumulated residues (L, Fr, and Hr) showing higher carbohydrate-like C and O-alkyl C values and lower total aromatics; (2) Horizons with advanced decomposition (Hr2, Oh1, and Hd) which were higher in alkyl C; and (3) Horizons derived from ligneous material (Fw and Hdw) where carbohydrate-like C was less than total aromatic C. Implications for adequate nutrient content and forest growth were inferred from the observed micromorphology and chemical composition of the folic materials.},
	keywords = {C-13 NMR, CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION, DECOMPOSITION, FAUNAL ACTIVITY, FOLISOL, FOREST SOILS, IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY, IR, LITTER, MICROMORPHOLOGY, NITROGEN, NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE, ORGANIC-MATTER, SPECTROSCOPY},
	isbn = {0008-4271},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994NG04200001},
	author = {Fox, C. A. and Preston, C. M. and Fyfe, C. A.}
}
