@article {3093,
	title = {HUMAN URINARY ARSENIC EXCRETION AFTER ONE-TIME INGESTION OF SEAWEED, CRAB, AND SHRIMP},
	journal = {Clinical Chemistry},
	volume = {40},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: NE582Times Cited: 145Cited Reference Count: 48},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {617-624},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We studied chemical speciation of arsenic compounds in urine samples by using HPLC with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection. We examined urinary arsenic excretion patterns and the arsenic species excreted from nine human subjects who ingested seaweed products and crab (or shrimp). Fast urinary excretion of unchanged arsenobetaine was seen after ingestion of crab and shrimp, which contain arsenobetaine as the major arsenic species. In contrast, the arsenosugars, which comprise the major arsenic species in seaweed, are metabolized and have a longer retention time in the human body. When nine volunteers ingested the commercial seaweed product nori, both the urinary arsenic excretion pattern and the excreted arsenic species varied from individual to individual, and as many as six metabolites could be detected. It seems that arsenosugars are not decomposed by stomach acid and that reactions involving enzymatic and (or) microbial activity in the human body may be responsible for the metabolism of arsenosugars.},
	keywords = {arsenobetaine, arsenosugars, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, EDIBLE, HAMSTER, JAPANESE, METABOLISM, ORGANOARSENIC COMPOUNDS, PLASMA, RABBITS, SEAWEED, SPECIATION, TOXICOLOGY},
	isbn = {0009-9147},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994NE58200023},
	author = {Le, X. C. and Cullen, W. R. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {2953,
	title = {PHARMACOKINETICS AND DISTRIBUTION OF TRIS(MALTOLATO)ALUMINUM(III) INTO THE CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM},
	journal = {Neurotoxicology},
	volume = {15},
	number = {2},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: PB305Times Cited: 4Cited Reference Count: 37},
	month = {Sum},
	pages = {371-378},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The maltolate compound of aluminum (Al), tris(maltolato)aluminum(III), has been demonstrated to be quite toxic after central administration and in cell cultures. However, reports of peripheral Al-maltolate administration in vivo demonstrated un impressive neurological effects. We found no reports of Al-maltolate pharmacokinetics or its distribution into the central nervous system (CNS) after systemic administration. In the present study, we evaluated Al pharmacokinetics in serum and Al distribution into brain extracellular fluid (ECF) in rats following Al-maltolate administration. The pharmacokinetic studies revealed that systemic clearance, elimination half-life and mean residence time were 42 (+/- 5) ml/hr/kg, 2.2 (+/- 0.5) hr and 3.1 (+/- 0.7) hr [mean+/-SD), respectively. The steady state volume of distribution (V-ss) for Al-maltolate was 130 ml/kg. This V-ss suggests that Al-maltolate may exhibit limited distribution outside the vascular compartment, which is estimated to be approximate to 80 ml/kg in these rats. Previously, we used microdialysis (MD) probes to assess Al-citrate distribution into the CNS. MD was utilized in the present study to evaluate the CNS distribution of Al as a result of Al-maltolate administration. MD probes were implanted into the frontal cortex (FC) and jugular vein to sample Al from brain and blood ECF, respectively. Al was not measurable in FC MD probe dialysates after a 0.5 mmol/kg Al (as maltolate) bolus, but could be measured after steady state blood and brain ECF Al concentrations had been achieved. The Al brain/blood ra tio calculated from Al-maltolate steady state brain and blood MD samples was 0.04, significantly less than those calculated for other Al salts at equimolar Al doses. The present study suggests that unless it is administered centrally, Al-maltolate might render minimal neurological insult because of its minimal permeation into brain extracellular space. (C) 1994 Intox Press, Inc.},
	keywords = {ALUMINUM MALTOL, ALUMINUM NEUROTOXICITY, ALUMINUM PHARMACOKINETICS, ALUMINUM-MALTOLATE, BLOOD-BRAIN-BARRIER, COMPLEXES, DIALYSIS, ENCEPHALOPATHY, EQUILIBRIUM, gallium, INVIVO MICRODIALYSIS, MICRODIALYSIS, permeability, RABBITS, SERUM},
	isbn = {0161-813X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994PB30500014},
	author = {Allen, D. D. and Orvig, Chris and Yokel, R. A.}
}
