@article {420,
	title = {Sample extraction for arsenic speciation},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Analytical Sciences and Spectroscopy},
	volume = {47},
	number = {4},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 641DMTimes Cited: 15Cited Reference Count: 47Joint Meetings of EnviroAnalysis 2002/48th International Conference on Analytical Sciences and SpectroscopyMAY 27-30, 2002TORONTO, CANADA},
	pages = {109-118},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {The standard method used to determine arsenic species in solid samples is by using an extraction method that minimizes any operationally induced changes in chemical form. However, the use of such methods often results in less than complete extraction, with extraction efficiencies ranging from <1\% to 100\% for many types of samples. In this study the effect on extraction efficiency of the variables of total arsenic content, sample type and extraction method (methanol/water vs. simulated gastric conditions) were examined. The arsenic content in plant and deer mouse samples from Yellowknife, NT, as well as commercially available hijiki, an edible alga, and their extracts, was determined. Statistical analysis of the results revealed that extraction efficiencies are lower for both plants and mouse tissues that contain the highest levels of arsenic, and this trend persists in plants even when more exhaustive extraction methods (Le., Soxhlet extraction) are used. When the plant data was examined with respect to taxonomic groupings moss appeared to be extracted less efficiently than most other plants, and sedge and cattail appeared to be extracted most efficiently. An extraction method modeling human gastrointestinal conditions, gastric fluid extraction (GFE), was comparable to methanol/water extraction of plants with respect to amounts extracted and proportions of As(III) and As(V) present. However, methanol/water was used more efficiently to extract arsenic from wet hijiki than the GFE method. It is important to include information about extraction efficiency when discussing speciation of arsenic in a sample.},
	keywords = {ACCELERATED SOLVENT-EXTRACTION, arsenobetaine, BIOAVAILABILITY, CANADA, CERTIFIED-REFERENCE-MATERIALS, CONTAMINATED SOILS, ORGANISMS, PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, PLANTS, PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY, TERRESTRIAL},
	isbn = {1205-6685},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000180729200004},
	author = {Koch, I. and Hough, C. and Mousseau, S. and Mir, K. and Rutter, A. and Ollson, C. and Lee, E. and Andrewes, P. and Granhchino, S. and Cullen, B. and Reimer, K.}
}
@article {4854,
	title = {Arsenic species in terrestrial fungi and lichens from Yellowknife, NWT, Canada},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {14},
	number = {5},
	year = {2000},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 318XXTimes Cited: 30Cited Reference Count: 31},
	month = {May},
	pages = {245-252},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Levels of total arsenic and arsenic species were determined in fungi collected from Yellowknife, NWT, Canada, an area that has been affected by past mining activities and elevated arsenic levels, Lichens (belonging to Cladonia and Cladina genera), as well as the mushrooms Coprinus comatus, Paxillus involutus, Psathyrella candolleana and Leccinum scabrum, were studied for the first time, Most of the fungi contained elevated arsenic levels with respect to data found in the literature for background levels. Minor amounts of arsenobetaine were found in all lichen samples. The major water-soluble arsenic species in the fungi mere inorganic arsenic for lichens and Psathyrella candolleana, arsenobetaine for Lycoperdon pyriforme and Coprinus comatus, and dimethylarsenate for Paxillus involutus and Leccinum scabrum. A large proportion of water-soluble arsenic in Paxillus involutus occurred as an unknown compound, which did not co-chromatograph with any of the available standard arsenic compounds. Low proportions of water-soluble arsenic species (made evident by low extraction efficiencies) were observed in the majority of fungi studied. Arsenic that is not extracted may be bound to lipids, cell components or proteins, or might exist on the surface of the fungus as minerals. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {AMANITA-MUSCARIA, arsenic, arsenobetaine, ARSENOCHOLINE, lichens, mining, MUSHROOM, mushrooms, ORGANISMS, SEDIMENTS, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000087310900003},
	author = {Koch, I. and Wang, L. X. and Reimer, K. J. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {4586,
	title = {Arsenic in the Meager Creek hot springs environment, British Columbia, Canada},
	journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
	volume = {236},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 243EGTimes Cited: 66Cited Reference Count: 59},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {101-117},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Levels of arsenic in water from Meager Creek hot springs, British Columbia, Canada, were found to be naturally elevated. Biota including microbial mats, green algae, sedge, cedar, fleabane, monkey flower, moss, mushrooms and lichens, that were expected to be impacted by the water, were analyzed for total levels of arsenic and for arsenic species. The major arsenic species extracted from all samples were arsenate and arsenite, which are toxic forms of arsenic. Additionally, small amounts of arsenosugars X and XI were detected in microbial mats and green algae, implying that cyanobacteria/bacteria, and possibly green algae are capable of synthesizing arsenosugars from arsenate. Low to trace amounts of arsenosugars X and XI were detected in lichens and the fungus Tarzetta cupularis. A large fraction (on average, greater than 50\%) of arsenic was not extracted by using methanol/water (1:1) and the chemical and toxicological significance of this arsenic remains unknown. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ALGA, arsenic, BIOACCUMULATION, BIOMETHYLATION, ESTUARINE WATERS, FATE, fungi, hot springs, microbial mats, ORGANISMS, ORIGIN, PLANTS, SPECIATION, WATER FOOD-CHAIN},
	isbn = {0048-9697},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000082983600008},
	author = {Koch, I. and Feldmann, J. and Wang, L. X. and Andrewes, P. and Reimer, K. J. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
