@article {663,
	title = {Arsenic methylation by micro-organisms isolated from sheepskin bedding materials},
	journal = {Human \& Experimental Toxicology},
	volume = {22},
	number = {6},
	year = {2003},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 696NKTimes Cited: 6Cited Reference Count: 48},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {325-334},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has been associated with the volatilization of arsenic, antimony or phosphorus compounds from infants{\textquoteright} bedding material by micro-organisms, the so-called {\textquoteright}toxic gas hypothesis{\textquoteright}. The volatilization of arsenic by aerobic micro-organisms isolated from new sheepskin bedding material, as well as on material used by a healthy infant and by an infant who perished of SIDS, was examined. Three fungi were isolated from a piece of sheepskin bedding material on which an infant perished of SIDS, which methylated arsenic to form trimethylarsenic(V) species, precursors to volatile trimethylarsine. These three fungi were identified as Scopulariopsis koningii, Fomitopsis pinicola and Penicillium gladioli by their 26S-ribosomal RNA polymerase chain reaction products. These fungi were not previously known to methylate arsenic. The volatilization of arsenic by these three fungi was then examined. Only R gladioli volatilized arsenic and only under conditions such that the production of sufficient trimethylarsine to be acutely toxic to an infant is unlikely. S. brevicaulis grew on the sheepskin bedding material and evolved a trace amount of trimethylarsine. Known human pathogens such as Mycobacterium neoaurum and Acinetobacter junii were isolated from used bedding.},
	keywords = {ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS, arsenic, BIOMETHYLATION, COT MATTRESSES, fungi, GAS, hypothesis, IDENTIFICATION, INFANT-DEATH-SYNDROME, METHYLATION, SCOPULARIOPSIS-BREVICAULIS, SPECIATION, sudden infant death syndrome, toxic gas, TRIMETHYLARSINE, VOLATILIZATION},
	isbn = {0960-3271},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000183892800008},
	author = {Lehr, C. R. and Polishchuk, E. and Delisle, M. C. and Franz, C. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {4586,
	title = {Arsenic in the Meager Creek hot springs environment, British Columbia, Canada},
	journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
	volume = {236},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 243EGTimes Cited: 66Cited Reference Count: 59},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {101-117},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Levels of arsenic in water from Meager Creek hot springs, British Columbia, Canada, were found to be naturally elevated. Biota including microbial mats, green algae, sedge, cedar, fleabane, monkey flower, moss, mushrooms and lichens, that were expected to be impacted by the water, were analyzed for total levels of arsenic and for arsenic species. The major arsenic species extracted from all samples were arsenate and arsenite, which are toxic forms of arsenic. Additionally, small amounts of arsenosugars X and XI were detected in microbial mats and green algae, implying that cyanobacteria/bacteria, and possibly green algae are capable of synthesizing arsenosugars from arsenate. Low to trace amounts of arsenosugars X and XI were detected in lichens and the fungus Tarzetta cupularis. A large fraction (on average, greater than 50\%) of arsenic was not extracted by using methanol/water (1:1) and the chemical and toxicological significance of this arsenic remains unknown. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ALGA, arsenic, BIOACCUMULATION, BIOMETHYLATION, ESTUARINE WATERS, FATE, fungi, hot springs, microbial mats, ORGANISMS, ORIGIN, PLANTS, SPECIATION, WATER FOOD-CHAIN},
	isbn = {0048-9697},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000082983600008},
	author = {Koch, I. and Feldmann, J. and Wang, L. X. and Andrewes, P. and Reimer, K. J. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {4462,
	title = {Confirmation of the aerobic production of trimethylstibine by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {13},
	number = {9},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 234HYTimes Cited: 23Cited Reference Count: 13},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {659-664},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The filamentous fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis produces volatile trimethylstibine, found in the culture headspace, when grown in an antimony(III)-rich medium under aerobic conditions. The trimethylstibine was purged from cultures using a continuous flow of compressed air and trapped in a U-shaped tube containing Supelcoport SP 2100 at -78 degrees C. The trap contents were determined by using GC-ICP-MS methodology. Typically between 60 and 500 pg of trimethylstibine was trapped during sampling (12 h) from cultures containing 1000 mu g Sb ml(-1) as potassium antimony tartrate. The total production of trimethylstibine over 18 days of growth was estimated at 10 ng, Trimethylarsine was produced in greater quantities than trimethylstibine, even though no arsenic compounds were added to the medium, Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {ANTIMONY, BIOMETHYLATION, HUMICOLA, INFANT-DEATH-SYNDROME, potassium antimony, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, tartrate, trimethylstibine},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000082479700008},
	author = {Andrewes, P. and Cullen, W. R. and Polishchuk, E.}
}
@article {4461,
	title = {Methylantimony compound formation in the medium of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis cultures: (CD3)-C-13-L-methionine as a source of the methyl group},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {13},
	number = {10},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 243BTTimes Cited: 21Cited Reference Count: 134th International Conference on Biological and Environmental Aspects of Main Group OrganometallicsJUN, 1998ODENSE, DENMARK},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {681-687},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {The filamentous fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis produces nonvolatile methylantimony compounds (found in the medium) when grown in antimony(III)-rich medium. To investigate the methyl source, (CD3)-C-13-labelled L-methionine was added to the growth medium. After one month sodium borohydride reduction of media samples produced dimethylstibine and trimethylstibine. The methylstibines were separated on a packed GC column and obtained as gaseous fractions. Analysis of the methylstibines, in the gaseous fractions, by CGC-MS (lion-trap) established (CD3)-C-13 incorporation in both the trimethyl-and dimethyl-antimony compounds. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {ANTIMONY, APIOTRICHUM-HUMICOLA, BIOMETHYLATION, biotransformation, CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY, COMPOUNDS, L-methionine, methylantimony, potassium antimony tartrate, S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, SPECIATION, species},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000082977800003},
	author = {Andrewes, P. and Cullen, W. R. and Feldmann, J. and Koch, I. and Polishchuk, E.}
}
@article {4534,
	title = {Methylated bismuth in the environment},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {13},
	number = {10},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 243BTTimes Cited: 24Cited Reference Count: 424th International Conference on Biological and Environmental Aspects of Main Group OrganometallicsJUN, 1998ODENSE, DENMARK},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {739-748},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {Biomethylation of metals and metalloids of Group 14 and 15 metals such as tin, lead and arsenic takes place in the environment, but information about methylated bismuth compounds is rather limited, although bismuth compounds are used widely in alloys, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products, Cryotrapping gas chromatography and hydride generation gas chromatography coupled with an ICP-MS as a bismuth-selective detector were used to determine volatile bismuth compounds in landfill and in sewage gas, as well as non-volatile methylated compounds in water and sediment samples, One volatile bismuth compound could be determined in gaseous samples; it was identified as Me3Bi (TMB) by element-specific detection (ICP-MS, m/z 209), matching the retention time with a TMB standard. The molecular structure was recently confirmed by gas-chromatographic fractionation with MS-ion trap detection (electron impact), Among other volatile metal compounds, TMB is a major component in the gases of sewage sludge digesters: concentrations of up to 25 mu g m(-3) have been measured at eight sewage treatment plants, The concentration in landfill gas was approximately one order of magnitude lower. In laboratory experiments, fermenters containing an anaerobic culture from a clean pond sludge were mixed with contaminated soil from four different industrial areas, After an incubation time of two weeks at 30 degrees C in the dark, TMB was detected in the headspace of all the samples, The volatilization rate of bismuth did mot correlate with the total amount of bismuth: in the sediments or with the available fraction after acid digestion following hydride generation. Some evidence was obtained for the occurrence of methylated bismuth compounds in water samples and in sediments, Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {ABSORPTION, BIOMETHYLATION, BISMUTH, deposits, GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY, ICP-MS, landfill gas, PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY, sewage gas, SPECIATION, VOLATILE METAL, WASTE},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000082977800010},
	author = {Feldmann, J. and Krupp, E. M. and Glindemann, D. and Hirner, A. V. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {4183,
	title = {The production of methylated organoantimony compounds by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {12},
	number = {12},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 149RQTimes Cited: 34Cited Reference Count: 37},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {827-842},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Cultures of the fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis were grown in antimony-rich media. Although volatile compounds of other elements were readily detected in the culture headspace, volatile antimony compounds were formed irreproducibly and at only ultratrace levels. In order to monitor the media for nonvolatile methylantimony compounds, a method of sample preparation was developed, based on solid-phase extraction. This enabled the separation of large quantities of soluble inorganic antimony species from trace amounts of organo-antimony compounds before speciation by HG-GC-AAS, By this methodology methylated antimony compounds were detected at concentrations of 0.8- 7.1 mu g Sbl(-1) in all media in which S. brevicaulis was grown in the presence of antimony(III) compounds. These methylantimony species were not detected in any of the nonliving or medium-only controls. Methylated compounds were not detected where S. brevicaulis was grown in the presence of antimony(V) compounds. This is the first study to show that antimony(III) compounds are biomethylated by S. brevicaulis under aerobic-only growth conditions. (C) 1998 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {ANTIMONY, APIOTRICHUM-HUMICOLA, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, BIOMETHYLATION, biotransformation, GASES, GENERATION, hydride, HYDRIDE GENERATION, infant death syndrome (SIDS), INFANT-DEATH-SYNDROME, LAKE-BIWA, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION, SPECIATION, sudden, volatile antimony, VOLATILE METAL, WASTE DEPOSITS},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000077619500006},
	author = {Andrewes, P. and Cullen, W. R. and Feldmann, J. and Koch, I. and Polishchuk, E. and Reimer, E.}
}
