@article {918,
	title = {Arsenic speciation in human urine: are we all the same?},
	journal = {Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology},
	volume = {198},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 844GRTimes Cited: 26Cited Reference Count: 34},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {297-306},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {we studied the arsenic speciation in human urine samples by using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). We investigated the arsenic speciation in the urine collected from nine volunteers during a 3-day period after a meal of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis. We also studied the effect of cooking on the arsenic speciation. Arsenobetaine and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) were the major arsenic metabolites found in the urine samples. Significant amounts of unknown metabolites were also detected. The excretion patterns of arsenic from individuals were generally similar except for two subjects. One of whom excreted high amounts of arsenobetaine even though no arsenic-rich food was eaten for 3 days before the experiment. The results reveal that we need a better understanding of the metabolism of arsenic compounds by human. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {arsenic, arsenobetaine, arsenosugar, ENVIRONMENT, HPLC, ICP-MS, IDENTIFICATION, INGESTION, LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, MASS-SPECTROMETRY, METABOLITES, METHYLATED ARSENICALS, mussel, PRODUCTS, TRIVALENT, urine},
	isbn = {0041-008X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000223146600007},
	author = {Lai, V. W. M. and Sun, Y. M. and Ting, E. and Cullen, W. R. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {797,
	title = {Do arsenosugars pose a risk to human health? The comparative toxicities of a trivalent and pentavalent arsenosugar},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	volume = {38},
	number = {15},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 842WOTimes Cited: 23Cited Reference Count: 54},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {4140-4148},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Seafood frequently contains high concentrations of arsenic (similar to10-100 mg/kg dry weight). In marine algae (seaweed), this arsenic occurs predominantly as ribose derivatives known collectively as arsenosugars. Although it is clear that arsenosugars are not acutely toxic, there is a possibility of arsenosugars having slight chronic toxicity. In general, trivalent arsenicals are more toxic than their pentavalent counterparts, so in this work we examine the hypothesis that trivalent arsenosugars might be significantly more toxic than pentavalent arsenosugars in vitro. We compared the in vitro toxicity of (R)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl-5-deoxy-5-dimethylarsinoyl-beta-D-riboside, a pentavalent arsenosugar, to that of its trivalent counterpart, (R)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl-5-deoxy-5-dimethylarsino-beta-D- riboside. The trivalent arsenosugar nicked plasmid DNA, whereas the pentavalent arsenosugar did not. The trivalent arsenosugar was more cytotoxic (IC50 = 200 muM, 48 h exposure) than its pentavalent counterpart (IC50 > 6000 muM, 48 h exposure) in normal human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro as determined via the neutral red uptake assay. However, both the trivalent and the pentavalent arsenosugars were significantly less toxic than MMA(III), DMA(III), and arsenate. Neither the pentavalent arsenosugar nor the trivalent arsenosugar were mutagenic in Salmonella TA104. The trivalent arsenosugar was readily formed by reaction of the pentavalent arsenosugar with thiol compounds, including, cysteine, glutathione, and dithioerythritol. This work suggests that the reduction of pentavalent arsenosugars to trivalent arsenosugars in biology might have environmental consequences, especially because seaweed consumption is a significant environmental source for human exposure to arsenicals.},
	keywords = {DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID, DNA-DAMAGE, HUMAN-CELLS, IN-VITRO, INORGANIC ARSENICS, METABOLISM, METHYLATED ARSENICALS, MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID MMA(III), ORGANIC ARSENIC COMPOUNDS, SEAWEED},
	isbn = {0013-936X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000223035400022},
	author = {Andrewes, P. and Demarini, D. M. and Funasaka, K. and Wallace, K. and Lai, V. W. M. and Sun, H. S. and Cullen, W. R. and Kitchin, K. T.}
}
