@article {1326,
	title = {The effect of pH and role of Ni2+ in zinc phosphating of 2024-Al alloy. Part I: Macroscopic studies with XPS and SEM},
	journal = {Applied Surface Science},
	volume = {253},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 114DVTimes Cited: 10Cited Reference Count: 30Akhtar, A. S. Wong, K. C. Mitchell, K. A. R.},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {493-501},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Coatings formed on 2024-T3 aluminum alloy were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after dipping in zinc phosphating (ZPO) baths at different acidities, for different lengths of time, and with or without Ni2+ additive. The overall objective was to learn more about the role of Ni2+ on the ZPO coating mechanism, particularly since this additive is believed to improve corrosion protection for the Al alloy. Secondary phosphates dominate the coatings when the Ni-containing solution is adjusted to starting pH values of either 3 or 5, while tertiary phosphate is predominant at pH 4. AlF3 precipitates during the early stages of the coating process. Ni2+ has two main roles in the mechanism. First, the rate of increase in local solution pH is retarded by the slower kinetics of reactions involving Ni2+ compared to Zn2+,leading to thinner ZPO coatings when Ni2+ is present in the coating solution. Second, most Ni2+ deposition occurs during the later stages of the coating process, by nickel phosphate deposition and/or by formation of a Ni-rich oxide. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ALKALINE STABILITY, aluminum alloy, ALUMINUM-ALLOY, CATALYSTS, COATINGS, CONVERSION COATINGS, FILMS, Ni2+ additive, NICKEL, OXIDATION, photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, SPECTROSCOPY, STEEL, zinc phosphate},
	isbn = {0169-4332},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000242647800017},
	author = {Akhtar, A. S. and Wong, K. C. and Mitchell, K. A. R.}
}
@inbook {1324,
	title = {Surface science studies of the effect of Mn2+ on zinc phosphating of 2024-T3 Al alloy},
	booktitle = {Aluminium Alloys 2006, Pts 1 and 2 - Research through Innovation and Technology},
	series = {Materials Science Forum},
	volume = {519-521},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: BEZ41Times Cited: 1Cited Reference Count: 10Akhtar, A. S. Susac, D. Wong, K. C. Wong, P. C. Mitchell, K. A. R.Proceedings Paper10th International Conference on Aliminium Alloys (ICAA-10)JUL 09-13, 2006Vancouver, CANADABRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND},
	pages = {753-758},
	publisher = {Trans Tech Publications Ltd},
	organization = {Trans Tech Publications Ltd},
	address = {Zurich-Uetikon},
	abstract = {The present work is part of a broader investigation of the effects of additives in zinc phosphate (ZPO) coating solutions that are designed for specific applications to Al and its alloys. ZPO conversion coatings improve the corrosion resistance of the Al substrate and increase the adhesion of paint. Coatings formed on 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, after dipping in ZPO coating baths containing Mn2+, have been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), SEM, and scanning Auger microscopy (SAM). Variations are observed in coating morphology and composition as the amount of Mn2+ in the coating solution increases through the 0 to 2500 ppm range. Adhesion tests give information on the relative strength of the coating-substrate interaction at different microstructural areas.},
	keywords = {aluminum alloy, ALUMINUM-ALLOY, Auger, COATINGS, CONVERSION COATINGS, electron spectroscopy, Mn2+ additive, photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, STEEL, zinc phosphate},
	isbn = {0255-54760-87849-408-1},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000240309000118},
	author = {Akhtar, A. S. and Susac, D. and Wong, K. C. and Wong, P. C. and Mitchell, K. A. R.},
	editor = {Poole, W. J. and Wells, M. A. and Lloyd, D. J.}
}
@article {999,
	title = {Comparison of a chromic acid and a BTSE final rinse applied to phosphated 2024-T3 aluminum alloy},
	journal = {Surface \& Coatings Technology},
	volume = {187},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 860VHTimes Cited: 10Cited Reference Count: 31},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {216-224},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Dilute chromic acid and the organosilane bis-1,2-(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTSE) were compared by their abilities to act as post-treatment rinses for samples of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, which had previously been coated by zinc phosphate. The first approach is conventionally used to improve corrosion protection, but alternatives are needed because of environmental concerns with Cr(VI). Variations in conditions for application of the final rinse, especially through changes in solution concentration, were compared by measuring polarization curves, which provide an indication of corrosion stability. These comparisons were related to coating morphology, which was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and to studies of chemical composition with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Immersion tests in NaCl solution were applied to post-treated zinc phosphate coatings that had been formed on mirror-polished alloy surfaces. Overall, the post-treatment in 4\% BTSE at 25 degreesC appears to provide a comparable corrosion resistance to that found when the final rinse is done in a conventional CrO3 Solution (concentration 0.5 g/l) at 70 degreesC. At the microstructural level, initial observations were also made for comparing the effects of the post-treatments at protecting alloy matrix areas adjacent to Al-Cu-Mg second-pbase particles. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {AL, aluminum alloy, chemical conversion, CHEMISTRY, CONVERSION COATINGS, corrosion, metals, PAINT ADHESION, phosphating, photoelectron spectroscopy, post-treatment, scanning electron microscopy, SPECTROSCOPY},
	isbn = {0257-8972},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000224371300012},
	author = {Susac, D. and Leung, C. W. and Sun, X. and Wong, K. C. and Mitchell, K. A. R.}
}
@article {793,
	title = {The effect of Ni2+ on zinc phosphating of 2024-T3 Al alloy},
	journal = {Surface \& Coatings Technology},
	volume = {187},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 860VHTimes Cited: 27Cited Reference Count: 32},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {208-215},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Zinc phosphate (ZPO) conversion coatings formed on 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, and on high-purity aluminum, after dipping in coating baths containing different amounts of Ni2+, have been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, scanning Auger microscopy (SAM) and electrochemical measurements. Significant variations are observed in coating morphology and in stability against corrosion for the 2024-Al alloy as the amount of Ni2+ in the coating solution increases through the 0-2000 ppm range. By contrast, for high-purity Al, the most marked changes in coating morphology occur only as the Ni2+ concentration reaches 2000 ppm. The presence of additional elements, and especially Cu, in the 2024-Al samples results in an increase in the number of cathodic sites and hence more coating is formed for corresponding conditions. Additionally, the existence of second-phase particles in the 2024-Al sample leads to variations in the coatings at the microstructural level across the surface. These differences include local variations in the amount of Ni2+ in the coatings, as well as the local coverage. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {aluminum alloy, ALUMINUM-ALLOY, Auger electron spectroscopy, chemical conversion, CHROMATE CONVERSION COATINGS, CORROSION PROTECTION, FILMS, Ni2+ additive, NICKEL, phosphating, photoelectron spectroscopy, STEEL, SURFACE, XPS},
	isbn = {0257-8972},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000224371300011},
	author = {Akhtar, A. S. and Susac, D. and Glaze, P. and Wong, K. C. and Wong, P. C. and Mitchell, K. A. R.}
}
@article {3313,
	title = {ANALYSIS OF VALENCE XPS OF (CH2-CHR)(N) (R=H, CH3, OH AND F), (CH2-CH2-NH)(N) AND (CH2-CH2-O)(N) POLYMERS BY THE SEMIEMPIRICAL HAM/3 MO METHOD USING THE N-MER (N=2, 3, 4, 5) MODEL},
	journal = {Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids},
	volume = {56},
	number = {8},
	year = {1995},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: RF331Times Cited: 26Cited Reference Count: 50},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {1131-1140},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The valence X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) of six representative polymers [CH2-CHR)(n) (R = H, CH3, OH, F), (CH2-CH2-NH)(n), and (CH2-CH2-O)(n)] were analysed by a semi empirical HAM/3 MO method using model molecules [H-(CH2-CHR)(n)-H, (R = H, CH3, OH, F), H2N-(CH2-CH2-NH)(n)-H, and HO-(CH2-CH2-O)(n)-H] with n = 2 to 5. The calculated AlK alpha photo electron spectra were obtained using Gaussian functions of an approximate linewidth (0.10I(k)); I-k = I{\textquoteright}(k) - WD, where I{\textquoteright}(k); is the vertical ionization potential (VIP) of each MO and WD is a shift to account for sample work function, polarization energy and other effects. To explain the broader linewidth for the inner valence spectra, we propose that the lifetime of the 2s hole states are shorter because the holes can be filled by 2p electrons in ultra-violet emission or radiationless transition. The theoretical spectra showed good agreement with the observed spectra of the polymers between 0-40 eV. The present results suggest that the spectra can be analysed by the calculations for model trimers.},
	keywords = {BAND, CLUSTER-EXPANSION, Electronic Structure, ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE, ENERGY-LEVELS, ESCA, IONIZATION, photoelectron spectroscopy, POLYETHYLENE, POLYMERS, POLYOXYMETHYLENE, RAY PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY, SPECTRA, WAVEFUNCTION},
	isbn = {0022-3697},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1995RF33100017},
	author = {Endo, K. and Kaneda, Y. and Aida, M. and Chong, D. P.}
}
@article {2912,
	title = {X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF CCA-TREATED WOOD},
	journal = {Holzforschung},
	volume = {47},
	number = {6},
	year = {1993},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: ML941Times Cited: 17Cited Reference Count: 25},
	pages = {458-464},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir wood sections were treated with CCA preservative. To elucidate the mechanism of fixation of the CCA, the wood surface was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). CCA treatment increased C1 (carbon bonded to carbon and/or hydrogen) and decreased C2 (carbon bonded to one oxygen) in XPS C1s spectra, in both unextracted and pre-extracted sections. This suggested oxidation of hydroxyl groups on cellulose and/or lignin by CCA occurred, followed by the decarboxylation of carbonyl and carboxyl groups. However, the large changes in the state of the carbon atoms recorded during CCA treatment of unextracted wood would appear to include combined effects of the migration of extractives to analyzed surfaces as well as the oxidation of hydroxyl groups in wood by CCA. Accelerating the fixation produced more C1 than fixation at ambient temperatures. This increase in C1 also correlated with a higher resistance to preservative leaching in wood in which the CCA was fixed under accelerating conditions. Surface concentrations of the CCA components determined by XPS were lower in wood in which the fixation was accelerated, and this may contribute to their lower water repellency. CCA treatment enhanced the water repellency of wood, especially in the presence of extractives.},
	keywords = {CCA PRESERVATIVES, CHROMATED COPPER ARSENATE, ESCA ANALYSIS, FIXATION, LEACHING, LIGNIN, photoelectron spectroscopy, PINUS-PONDEROSA, PSEUDOTSUGA-MENZIESII, SURFACES, WATER REPELLENCY, X-RAY, XPS},
	isbn = {0018-3830},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1993ML94100002},
	author = {Ruddick, J. N. R. and Yamamoto, K. and Wong, P. C. and Mitchell, K. A. R.}
}
