@article {341,
	title = {Accurately describing weak analyte-additive interactions by capillary electrophoresis},
	journal = {Electrophoresis},
	volume = {23},
	number = {6},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 536KNTimes Cited: 12Cited Reference Count: 33},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {880-888},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {When modeling analyte-additive interactions in capillary electrophoresis (CE), it is necessary to correct for all changes in the apparent electrophoretic mobility of an analyte that are not due to specific binding. Current models based on dynamic complexation have corrected for bulk viscosity changes in the background electrolyte (BGE) when additives are used, while assuming negligible changes in the dielectric constant and other physicochemical properties of the solution. In this report, a study of weak interactions between deoxyribonucleotides and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) revealed significant nonideality in binding isotherms. Changes in the dielectric properties of the solution due to the addition of high concentrations of HP-beta-CD to the BGE was observed to alter the electrophoretic mobility of analytes. A relative dielectric correction factor was required to normalize analyte mobilities to a reference state of zero additive concentration. The use of both a relative dielectric factor and a viscosity correction factor was found to increase the accuracy of the model, reflected by a higher degree of correlation between predicted and measured analyte mobilities. This type of correction is particularly relevant when studying weak analyte binding interactions or when using high concentrations of additive in the BGE. This work is vital for accurate determination of weak binding constants and mobility values, as well as providing a deeper understanding of the fundamental parameters influencing a separation in CE.},
	keywords = {analyte-additive interactions, BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, binding isotherms, capillary electrophoresis, CHIRAL SEPARATION, cyclodextrin, deoxyribonucleotides, DYNAMIC COMPLEXATION, ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY, ELECTROPHORESIS, ENANTIOMERS, MIGRATION BEHAVIOR, MODEL, OPTIMIZATION, QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION, viscosity-dielectric corrections factors, weak, ZONE},
	isbn = {0173-0835},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000174699400008},
	author = {Britz-McKibbin, P. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {4207,
	title = {Dynamic complexation of solutes in capillary electrophoresis},
	journal = {Electrophoresis},
	volume = {19},
	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: ZD713Times Cited: 12Cited Reference Count: 28},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {383-387},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The analyte migration behavior in any chemical separation system can be described using a single equation that unifies all areas of separation science. This equation can be used in capillary electrophoresis (CE) to design separation systems, and to study interactions between analytes and additives. By using individual capacity factors for each analyte species present in the system, and with the knowledge of the characteristics of each interaction, one can predict the analyte migration behavior in complicated CE systems, including systems with multiple 1:1 interactions and/or higher order interactions.},
	keywords = {AFFINITY, BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, BINDING, capacity factor, CHIRAL SEPARATIONS, dynamic complexation capillary electrophoresis, ENANTIOMERS, higher order interactions, MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY, multiple equilibria, OPTIMIZATION, RESOLUTION, SELECTIVITY, separation theory, TIOCONAZOLE, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0173-0835},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000072716000003},
	author = {Bowser, M. T. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {4317,
	title = {The effects of a mixture of charged and neutral additives on analyte migration behavior in capillary electrophoresis},
	journal = {Electrophoresis},
	volume = {19},
	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: ZD713Times Cited: 14Cited Reference Count: 45},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {388-396},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Multicomponent additives, such as derivatized cyclodextrins with various degrees of substitution, can be considered single-component additives as long as the fraction of each component remains constant. In this paper, equations are derived describing the effect of such additives on the migration behavior of analytes. These equations are used in the study of capillary electrophoresis (CE) systems with differentially charged cyclodextrins as additives. For weakly acidic analytes, the binding with highly negatively charged sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin (SBE-beta-CD) increases their negative electrophoretic mobility, while the binding with neutral hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) decreases their negative mobility. By obtaining the equilibrium constants and mobilities for each additive with each analyte (in this case, phenol, 2-naphthol and 1-naphthol), the migration behavior of these analytes in CE systems is quantitatively predicted at various concentrations of mixtures of the two additives. The properties of the contour lines in the binding isotherm surfaces of such CE systems are discussed.},
	keywords = {ANALYTE, ASPECTS, BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, CHIRAL, ELECTROPHORESIS, MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY, MIGRATION BEHAVIOR, MOBILE PHASES, multicomponent additives, RESOLUTION, SELECTIVITY, SEPARATION, separation theory, STATIONARY PHASE, THEORETICAL, TIOCONAZOLE ENANTIOMERS, two-additive capillary, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0173-0835},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000072716000004},
	author = {Kranack, A. R. and Bowser, M. T. and Britz-McKibbin, P. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {4205,
	title = {Higher order equilibria and their effect on analyte migration behavior in capillary electrophoresis},
	journal = {Analytical Chemistry},
	volume = {70},
	number = {15},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 107VQTimes Cited: 38Cited Reference Count: 31},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {3261-3270},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {This paper presents a quantitative investigation into the effect of analyte-additive interactions on analyte migration behavior in capillary electrophoresis (CE) when both 1:1 and 1:2 stoichiometries are present. Equations based on the individual capacity factors for each interaction are derived to account for the effect of both first- and second-order equilibria. The analyte migration behavior is described using these equations with a full account of how the microscopic equilibrium constants and microscopic mobilities are combined to give the macroscopic values. The binding isotherms of interactions with both 1:1 and 1:2 stoichiometries are compared with those of a 1:1 stoichiometry. 4,4{\textquoteright}-Biphenol and 4-phenylphenol were chosen as analytes that undergo complexation with one and two hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) molecules; phenol was used as an analyte that interacts with only one HP-beta-CD molecule. The process of calculating higher order equilibrium constants and complex mobilities from the binding isotherms is demonstrated. The effects of experimental conditions, such as the additive concentration range and the number of data points, on the error in the calculated constants and the ability of the equations to accurately describe the experimental data are discussed. A comparison of the linear transformations of the binding isotherm with respect to their ability to detect higher order equilibria is made, and the advantage of using the capacity factor in CE is illustrated.},
	keywords = {AFFINITY, BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, BINDING, CHIRAL SEPARATION, METAL-IONS, SELECTIVITY, SELECTORS, THEORETICAL ASPECTS, TIOCONAZOLE ENANTIOMERS, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0003-2700},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000075232000034},
	author = {Bowser, M. T. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {4209,
	title = {Properties of multivariate binding isotherms in capillary electrophoresis},
	journal = {Analytical Chemistry},
	volume = {70},
	number = {6},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: ZC318Times Cited: 16Cited Reference Count: 30},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {1076-1084},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {When more than one complexation additive is used in capillary electrophoresis (CE), the migration behavior of an analyte can be described using contour plots and profile plots of the multivariate binding isotherms, At a certain concentration of one additive, the net electrophoretic mobility of the analyte is not affected by the concentration of the second additive, even though the second additive does alter the mobility of the analyte when used alone. The concentration of the first additive, in this situation, is defined as the dengsu concentration (dengsu means "same speed" in Chinese), The presence of a dengsu concentration for one additive is a strong indication that the second additive interacts with the analyte in a 1:1 (analyte-additive) stoichiometry, The binding isotherms in a profile plot can be used to unambiguously determine the binding stoichiometry of the analytes, as well as to determine the effect of interactions between the additives. The apparent complex mobilities obtained from the profile plots can also be used to determine whether there are interactions between the additives or whether the analyte can bind both additives at the same time.},
	keywords = {AFFINITY, BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, CHIRAL SEPARATION, POLYETHERS, RESOLUTION, SELECTIVITY, THEORETICAL ASPECTS, TIOCONAZOLE ENANTIOMERS},
	isbn = {0003-2700},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000072565200004},
	author = {Bowser, M. T. and Kranack, A. R. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {3911,
	title = {Prediction of the migration behavior of analytes in capillary electrophoresis based on three fundamental parameters},
	journal = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	volume = {781},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: YC198Times Cited: 11Cited Reference Count: 309th International Symposium on High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis and Related Microscale TechniquesJAN 26-30, 1997ORLANDO, FL},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {23-34},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {The prediction of analyte migration behavior in capillary electrophoresis (CE) is essential for rapid method development. The dynamic complexation model, based on 1:1 interactions, was used to accurately predict the apparent electrophoretic mobilities and the migration times of a group of deoxyribonucleotides (dNPs) at various concentrations of beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD). The electrophoretic mobility of the analyte, the electrophoretic mobility of the analyte-additive complex and the equilibrium constant are the three fundamental parameters required to determine the mobility of an analyte. The apparent migration time of the analyte can be predicted once the electroosmotic mobility and relative viscosity of the solution are known. Optimum separation conditions can be determined based on these parameters. Excellent agreement between observed analyte migration behavior and predicted values was demonstrated, with relative errors being often less than 1\%. The theory was tested repeatedly under various conditions in order to assess its predictive capabilities and limitations. Analysis by molecular modelling, in conjunction with calculated electrophoretic parameters and equilibrium constants, provided deeper insight into the probable mechanisms of the separation process at the molecular level. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.},
	keywords = {AFFINITY, BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, BINDING, CHIRAL SEPARATION, CONSTANTS, deoxyribonucleotides, ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY, ENANTIOMERS, migration behaviour, migration time prediction, MODEL, OPTIMIZATION, SELECTORS, TIOCONAZOLE},
	isbn = {0021-9673},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997YC19800005},
	author = {BritzMcKibbin, P. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {4100,
	title = {Quantitative description of analyte migration behavior based on dynamic complexation in capillary electrophoresis with one or more additives},
	journal = {Electrophoresis},
	volume = {18},
	number = {5},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: XC565Times Cited: 48Cited Reference Count: 28},
	month = {May},
	pages = {706-716},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A comprehensive theory is proposed to describe the migration behavior of analytes in capillary electrophoresis (CE) when one or more additives are present in the buffer solution. This theory amalgamates and extends the previous work done by others. The capacity factor (k{\textquoteright}) in this theory is defined as the product of the equilibrium constant and the additive concentration, thus, k{\textquoteright} changes linearly with additive concentration, The net electrophoretic mobility of an analyte is a function of k{\textquoteright}, therefore, it can be changed by varying the additive concentration. Three parameters are needed to predict the mobility of an analyte in a one-additive CE system: the mobility of the free analyte, the mobility of the complex, and the equilibrium constant for the analyte-additive interaction (which determines the fraction of the free analyte at different additive concentrations). When additives are used, the change in viscosity obscures this relationship, therefore, a viscosity correction factor is required to convert all mobilities to an ideal state where the viscosity remains constant. The migration behavior of an analyte in a solution with multiple additives can be predicted and controlled, once the equilibrium constants of the interactions between the analyte and each of the additives are obtained separately. beta-Cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin are used as additives and the migration behavior of phenol, p-nitrophenol, and benzoic acid are studied as a model system to verify this theory. When the necessary viscosity correction factor is included, the net electrophoretic mobilities of the analytes obtained from experimental results agree with the values predicted by the theory based on dynamic complexation. Although only experiments with one and two additives were carried out to verify the theory, the equations apply to situations when more than two additives are used. The relationship between the theories of electrophoresis and chromatography is clarified.},
	keywords = {additives, analyte migration, BEHAVIOR, BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, BINDING, capillary electrophoresis, CHIRAL RESOLUTION, DYNAMIC COMPLEXATION, ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY, OPTIMIZATION, SELECTIVITY, SEPARATION, viscosity correction},
	isbn = {0173-0835},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997XC56500008},
	author = {Peng, X. J. and Bowser, M. T. and BritzMcKibbin, P. and Bebault, G. M. and Morris, J. R. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {4099,
	title = {Quantitative description of analyte migration behavior based on the dynamic complexation model in capillary electrophoresis},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Chemistry-Revue Canadienne De Chimie},
	volume = {75},
	number = {5},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: XF492Times Cited: 20Cited Reference Count: 27},
	month = {May},
	pages = {507-517},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A theory based on dynamic complexation is used to describe analyte migration behavior in capillary electrophoresis (CE). This theory is based on a one-phase system, instead of the commonly accepted two-phase system. The migration behavior of an analyte is described by three parameters (the electrophoretic mobility of the free analyte, the electrophoretic mobility of the analyte-additive complex, and the equilibrium constant (formation constant) that determines the fractions of the free analyte and the complex at a certain additive concentration). Varying the additive concentration shifts the equilibrium and changes the viscosity of the background electrolyte. Viscosity correction is crucial in interpreting the observed migration behavior of analytes. While electroosmotic flow in a capillary often varies from one capillary to another, the viscosity of a buffer is characteristic of the buffer composition and is constant for each buffer. The electrophoretic mobility of a certain species and the equilibrium constant are intrinsic properties and are less sensitive to changes in the environment. Understanding these relationships is indispensable in CE method development and method validation. A universal resolution equation is proposed, with a separation factor that has taken both the electrophoretic mobilities and equilibria into consideration. This resolution equation gives clear guidance for the optimization of CE separations. A group of nucleosides and their phosphates are used as analytes, and P-cyclodextrin is used as the additive in the model system studied in this paper. Both the observed analyte migration behavior and the resolution of analytes agree well with this theory.},
	keywords = {ACIDS, BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, BINDING, capacity factor, CHIRAL SEPARATION, CORRECTION, dynamic complexation capillary electrophoresis, ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY, mobility, nucleoside and, nucleotide separation, RESOLUTION, resolution equation, VISCOSITY},
	isbn = {0008-4042},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997XF49200005},
	author = {Peng, X. J. and Bebault, G. M. and Sacks, S. L. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {3909,
	title = {Quantitative description of migration behavior of porphyrins based on the dynamic complexation model in a nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis system},
	journal = {Electrophoresis},
	volume = {18},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: WH231Times Cited: 47Cited Reference Count: 48},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {82-91},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The effect of an additive (Brij 35) on the mobilities of a group of porphyrin acids is quantitatively characterized based on a 1:I dynamic complexation model. Varying additive concentration shifts the equilibrium and changes the viscosity of the background electrolyte. The equilibrium constant, the electrophoretic mobility of the free analyte, and the electrophoretic mobility of the complex are identified as the parameters necessary to describe the analytes{\textquoteright} migration behavior. Several statistical methods for obtaining these parameters are discussed. The equilibrium constants and complex mobilities are calculated using three different linear regression methods. The weighted y-recip-rocal method was preferred because it gives smaller error, and the data points are evenly distributed along the concentration axis. These values are confirmed using a nonlinear regression to ensure that the proper weighting was used in the linear regression plots. The parameters are then used to predict the apparent mobilities of the analytes over the entire additive concentration range, allowing the optimum separation conditions to be identified. For disclike molecules, such as porphyrins, the mobility is determined by the orientation of the molecule in an electric field, in addition to their size and charge. The strength of binding between the porphyrins and Brij 35 depends on the number of binding sites and the solvation shell.},
	keywords = {additives, AFFINITY, ANIONS, BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, BINDING, CHIRAL SEPARATION, DYNAMIC COMPLEXATION, ENANTIOMERS, nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis, PARAMETERS, PORPHYRIN, SELECTIVITY, SELECTORS, separation theory, TIOCONAZOLE, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0173-0835},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997WH23100016},
	author = {Bowser, M. T. and Sternberg, E. D. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {3908,
	title = {Redefining the separation factor: A potential pathway to a unified separation science},
	journal = {Electrophoresis},
	volume = {18},
	number = {15},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: YW557Times Cited: 20Cited Reference Count: 38},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {2928-2934},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Understanding the separation process in capillary electrophoresis (CE leads to the unification of the theories for separation science; While the separation of analytes is governed by equilibria in chromatography, and by (centrifugal) field in ultracentrifugation, the separation in CE is governed by both equilibria and (electric) field. Therefore, a comprehensive separation theory that describes the separation process of analytes in CE should be able to describe the separation processes in both chromatography and ultracentrifugation. In this paper, we propose that individual capacity factors for each analyte species be used to describe the migration behavior of an analyte. The effect of field on each analyte species, as well as the effect of equilibria are considered in deriving a generalized equation that is applicable for all separation techniques. The separation factor defined at present does not directly relate to the migration rates of the analytes, and therefore can not be used in a generalized theory. We propose that the ratio of the migration rates of a pair of analytes (gamma) should be used as the separation factor, instead of the ratio of the two capacity factors. When gamma is used to describe the separation of two closely migrating analytes, all separation techniques have the same resolution equation.},
	keywords = {BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, capacity factor, capillary electrophoresis, CHROMATOGRAPHY, ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY, ELECTROPHORETIC CHIRAL SEPARATIONS, ENANTIOMERS, LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, PARAMETERS, RESOLUTION, SELECTIVITY, separation factor, TIOCONAZOLE, ULTRACENTRIFUGATION, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0173-0835},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000071948300033},
	author = {Bowser, M. T. and Bebault, G. M. and Peng, X. J. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {3931,
	title = {Templation and encapsulation in supramolecular chemistry},
	journal = {Tetrahedron},
	volume = {53},
	number = {47},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: YE893Times Cited: 61Cited Reference Count: 174},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {15911-15945},
	type = {Review},
	keywords = {ASSEMBLED MOLECULAR CAPSULE, BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, CALIX<4>ARENE-BASED CARCEPLEXES, CYCLODEXTRIN DIMERS, HOST GUEST COMPLEXATION, HYDROGEN-BONDING, interaction, NEUTRAL MOLECULES, REVERSIBLE ENCAPSULATION, SELF-REPLICATING SYSTEM, TRIPLET ENERGY-TRANSFER},
	isbn = {0040-4020},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997YE89300001},
	author = {Chapman, R. G. and Sherman, J. C.}
}
