@article {ELPS:ELPS6157,
	title = {Improved sensitivity by post-column chemical environment modification of CE-ESI-MS using a flow-through microvial interface},
	journal = {ELECTROPHORESIS},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {1644{\textendash}1648},
	type = {Research},
	keywords = {capillary electrophoresis, electrospray ionization, MASS SPECTROMETRY, Peak symmetry, Post-column modification, SENSITIVITY},
	issn = {1522-2683},
	doi = {10.1002/elps.201600545},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201600545},
	author = {Risley, Jessica May and Chen, David Da Yong}
}
@inbook {27741,
	title = {Electrospray Ionization Interface Development for Capillary Electrophoresis{\textendash}Mass Spectrometry},
	booktitle = {Capillary Electrophoresis{\textendash}Mass Spectrometry (CE-MS)},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {7{\textendash}39},
	publisher = {Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH \& Co. KGaA},
	organization = {Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH \& Co. KGaA},
	keywords = {capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry, desorption ionization techniques, electrospray ionization, gas phase, separation efficiency},
	isbn = {9783527693801},
	doi = {10.1002/9783527693801.ch2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527693801.ch2},
	author = {Risley, J and De Jong, CAG and Chen, DDY}
}
@article {2180,
	title = {Twenty years of interface development for capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry},
	journal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	volume = {627},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 358IYTimes Cited: 22Cited Reference Count: 76Maxwell, E. Jane Chen, David D. Y.Sp. Iss. SI},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {25-33},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {Capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry has the potential to become a preferred tool for the analysis of biological mixtures and other complex samples. The development of improved interfaces in the past twenty years has been critical in demonstrating the feasibility of this technique. However, a compromise still exists between interfaces that give optimal performance and those that are practical for commercial applications. The first section of this review focuses on the technological advances in CE-ESI-MS as they relate to the key interface features for both sheath-flow and sheathless systems: delivery of the sheath liquid, shaping of the emitter tip, formation of electrical contact, and practicality in terms of ease of use and lifetime. In the second section, we review the fundamental processes that affect interface performance. Because of the complex natures of both capillary electrophoresis and electrospray ionization, flow rate, arrangement of the electrical circuit, electrochemistry, tip geometry and location of electrical contact must all be carefully managed in the design of a successful interface. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {BEVELED EDGE, capillary electrophoresis, DESIGN, electrospray ionization, EMITTERS, FLOW NANOSPRAY, FUSED-SILICA CAPILLARY, interface development, JUNCTION INTERFACE, LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY, MASS SPECTROMETRY, MICRO-ELECTROSPRAY, SHEATHLESS CAPILLARY, ZONE-ELECTROPHORESIS},
	isbn = {0003-2670},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000259911600003},
	author = {Maxwell, E. J. and Chen, D. D. Y.}
}
@article {1480,
	title = {Electrospray ionization source geometry for mass spectrometry: past, present, and future},
	journal = {Trac-Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	volume = {25},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 026CJTimes Cited: 34Cited Reference Count: 130},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {243-256},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {The geometry of an electrospray ion source plays important roles in the processes of analyte desolvation, ionization, transportation, and detection in a mass spectrometer. We provide a brief account of the scientific principles involved in developing an electrospray ion source, and in the various geometries used to improve the sensitivity of mass spectrometry. We also present some popular configurations currently available and outline future trends in this research area. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ANALYSIS SYSTEMS, atmospheric pressure ionization, ATMOSPHERIC-PRESSURE, CAPILLARY-ZONE-ELECTROPHORESIS, CHARGED DROPLETS, commercial ion source design, electrospray ionization, ion source, ion source geometry, mass, MICRO-ELECTROSPRAY, MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES, NANOSCALE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, PRESSURE ION LENS, PROTEIN IDENTIFICATION, SOLUTION FLOW-RATES, SPECTROMETRY},
	isbn = {0165-9936},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000236314000013},
	author = {Manisali, I. and Chen, D. D. Y. and Schneider, B. B.}
}
@article {724,
	title = {Characterization of copper-complexing ligands in seawater using immobilized copper(Il)-ion affinity chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {83},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2003},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 743RZTimes Cited: 13Cited Reference Count: 44Ocean Sciences Meeting 2002FEB 11-15, 2002HONOLULU, HAWAII},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {47-58},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {Electrochemical studies show that copper and other bioactive trace metals are associated almost exclusively with dissolved organic ligands in surface seawater. Some of these ligands may be released by photosynthetic marine organisms to control metal uptake. However, new analytical approaches are needed to determine the chemical composition and ecological significance of these compounds. We have combined immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to selectively extract and characterize copper-complexing ligands in seawater. Samples taken from British Columbia coastal waters were filtered through mixed cellulose membranes (0.45 mum) using nitrogen overpressure. Compounds with an affinity for copper were then extracted using Cu(II)-IMAC and eluted in acidified seawater. The eluant was monitored using UV absorption (255 nm), which showed that IMAC extracts from river and surface waters contained the highest concentrations of U-V-absorbing organic matter. Fractions were collected and analyzed by flow-injection (FI) negative ion ESI-MS using a custom made XAD-16 column, which gave 82\% recovery and a detection limit of 1.6 pmol for salicylic acid in acidified seawater. Low-molecular-weight compounds containing nitrogen were detected in the IMAC extracts of highest UV absorbance. These compounds followed an elution profile similar to the corresponding UV chromatogram. Measured masses of 265 and 259 Da are consistent with peptides containing, respectively, one thiol and two primary amino groups, characteristics associated with copper-complexing ligands detected in marine algal cultures and surface seawater using other methods. However, the absence of positive ions under experimental conditions suggests that the extracted compounds are predominantly acidic, and may therefore be hydroxamic acids or other nitrogen-containing compounds. The use of alternative resins and FI solvents to improve recovery, increase ionization efficiency, and permit structural (MS/MS) analysis of compounds extracted by IMAC is now being investigated. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {CHROMATOGRAPHY, COMPLEXATION, CU, DISSOLVED COPPER, electrospray ionization, ESTUARINE WATER, iron, LIGANDS, marine environment, MARINE-BACTERIA, MASS SPECTROMETRY, OCEAN, organic compounds, ORGANIC-LIGANDS, PHYTOPLANKTON, SPECIATION, stress},
	isbn = {0304-4203},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000186588500006},
	author = {Ross, A. R. S. and Ikonomou, M. G. and Orians, K. J.}
}
@article {4921,
	title = {Characterization of dissolved tannins and their metal-ion complexes by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry},
	journal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	volume = {411},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2000},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 305EYTimes Cited: 25Cited Reference Count: 51},
	month = {May},
	pages = {91-102},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Electrospray mass spectrometry was used to characterize metal-complexing ligands derived from tannic acid, a component of natural dissolved organic matter. Complexes formed by tannin ligands with copper and other biogeochemically important metals were identified from the mass-to-charge ratios of the corresponding deprotonated molecular ions, allowing stoichiometry and metal oxidation state to be determined. Ligand ion intensities were proportional to tannic acid concentration, with detection limits on the order of 5 nM for individual compounds in 50:50 water/acetonitrile. The relative abundance of free ligand and complex ions indicated the degree of complexation under different solution conditions (metal concentration, pH, ionic strength). Using tandem mass spectrometry, the structure and principal copper binding site for one of the tannins were also determined, providing unique information with regard to metal complexation by these polyfunctional ligands. The technique can be combined with high performance liquid chromatography for on-line separation of dissolved organic compounds. Results demonstrate the potential of this approach for characterizing the different classes of metal-complexing ligands found in natural waters. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {AFFINITY-CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHROMATOGRAPHY, COMPLEXATION, copper, electrospray ionization, high performance liquid, iron, LIGANDS, MASS SPECTROMETRY, metal-ion complexes, NATURAL ORGANIC-LIGANDS, ORGANIC, PERFORMANCE, PROTEINS, REGIOSELECTIVE MONO-OXIDATION, SPECIATION, STOICHIOMETRY, tannins, TOXICITY, trace metals},
	isbn = {0003-2670},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000086527500011},
	author = {Ross, A. R. S. and Ikonomou, M. G. and Orians, K. J.}
}
@article {4920,
	title = {Electrospray ionization of alkali and alkaline earth metal species. Electrochemical oxidation and pH effects},
	journal = {Journal of Mass Spectrometry},
	volume = {35},
	number = {8},
	year = {2000},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 347MUTimes Cited: 7Cited Reference Count: 49},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {981-989},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The utility of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for characterizing dissolved metal species has generated considerable interest in the use of this technique for metal speciation, However, the development of accurate speciation methods based on ESI-R;IS requires a detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which dissolved metal species are ionized during electrospray. We report how the analysis of alkali and alkaline earth metal species pro,ides new information about some of the processes that affect electrospray ion yield. Selected metal ions and organic ligands were combined in 50:50 water-acetonitrile buffered with acetic acid or ammonium acetate and analyzed by flow injection ESI-MS using mild electrospray conditions. Species formed by alkali metal ions with thiol and oxygen-donating ligands were detected in acidic and neutral pH solutions. Electrochemical oxidation of N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate and glutathione during electrospray was indicated by detection of the corresponding disulfides as protonated or alkali metal species, The extent of ligand oxidation depended on solution pH and the dissociation constant of the thiol group, Tandem mass spectrometric experiments suggested that radical cations such as [NaL](+.) (where L = N,N -diethyldithiocarbamate) can be generated by in-source fragmentation of disulfide species. Greater complexation of alkali metals at neutral pH tvas indicated by a corresponding decrease in the relative abundance of the free metal ion, The number of alkali metal ions bound by glutathione and phthalic acid also increased with increasing pH, in accordance with thermodynamic equilibrium theory. Alkaline earth metal species were detected only in acidic solutions, the absence of 8-hydroxyquinoline complexes being attributed to their relative instability and subsequent dissociation during electrospray, Hence, accurate speciation by ESI-MS depends on experimental conditions and the intrinsic properties of each analyte, Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley \&; Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {cell, COMPLEXES, electrochemical oxidation, ELECTROPHORESIS, electrospray ionization, ION-TRAP, MASS-SPECTROMETRY, metal speciation, OLIGONUCLEOTIDES, PEPTIDES, pH effects, PROTEINS, STOICHIOMETRY, thiol ligands, WATER},
	isbn = {1076-5174},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000088934400006},
	author = {Ross, A. R. S. and Ikonomou, M. G. and Orians, K. J.}
}
