@article {1221,
	title = {Arsenic compounds in the haemolymph of the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, as determined by using HPLC on-line with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Monitoring},
	volume = {7},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 901JTTimes Cited: 3Cited Reference Count: 29},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {122-126},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Arsenobetaine, two arsenosugars, dimethylarsinate and several unidentified arsenic species were detected in extracts of the haemolymph of the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, by using HPLC-ICP-MS. This is the first report of the presence of arsenosugars in the haemolymph/blood of marine animals. Total, extractable and residual arsenic concentrations were determined by ICP-MS. The concentration of total arsenic was in the range of 1.4-3.8 mug ml(-1). Nearly all (98\%) the arsenic was found to be extractable, and accounted for primarily by arsenobetaine, two arsenosugars and dimethylarsinate. The results demonstrate that arsenic compounds present in the diet of crabs are not fully metabolized in the gut. They are, at least partly, taken up into the haemolymph. The concurrence of arsenobetaine and arsenosugars suggests that the use of repeated haemolymph sampling in crustaceans could facilitate investigations into the kinetics of the biotransformation pathways of arsenic compounds. Finally, the present study clearly demonstrates the unique capabilities of HPLC-ICP-MS for the detection and identification of minor arsenic components amongst the predominant arsenobetaine.},
	keywords = {ANAEROBIC DECOMPOSITION, arsenobetaine, CADMIUM ACCUMULATION, CARCINUS-MAENAS, LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, MARINE-ENVIRONMENT, PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITION, SARGASSUM-LACERIFOLIUM, SHRIMP CRANGON-CRANGON, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {1464-0325},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000227279500011},
	author = {Norum, U. and Lai, V. W. M. and Pergantis, S. A. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {1241,
	title = {Coordination chemistry and insulin-enhancing behavior of vanadium complexes with maltol C6H6O3 structural isomers},
	journal = {Inorganic Chemistry},
	volume = {44},
	number = {8},
	year = {2005},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 916GWTimes Cited: 19Cited Reference Count: 49},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {2689-2697},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Syntheses of vanadium complexes using the naturally occurring ligands isomaltol (Hima) and allomaltol (Hama), as well as a newly synthesized, potentially tetradentate diaminodipyrone [H-2(en(ama)(2)], are reported. Complete characterization of the resulting compounds [trans-VO(ima)(2)(H2O), VO(ama)(2), V(ima)(3), V(ama)(3) and VO(en(ama)(2))], including X-ray crystallography analyses for trans-VO(ima)(2)(H2O) and V(ima)3, are presented herein. Potentiometric titrations (25 degrees C, / = 0.16 M NaCl) were used to measure stability constants in the V(IV)-Hima system; these data were compared to previous data collected on the V(IV)-L (L = Hma, Hama) systems. The in vivo efficacy of these compounds to lower the blood glucose levels of STZ-diabetic rats was tested; all but VO(en(ama)2) produced significant decreases in plasma glucose levels. The results were compared to those of the benchmark compound BMOV [VO(ma)(2), bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV)], a known insulin-enhancing agent.},
	keywords = {aluminum, BIS(MALTOLATO)OXOVANADIUM(IV), CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE, DIABETIC-RATS, ISOMALTOL, LIGANDS, REFINEMENT, SPECIATION, therapy, VANADATE},
	isbn = {0020-1669},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000228374400019},
	author = {Saatchi, K. and Thompson, K. H. and Patrick, B. O. and Pink, M. and Yuen, V. G. and McNeill, J. H. and Orvig, Chris}
}
@article {877,
	title = {Arsenic uptake by the Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesie)},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {18},
	number = {12},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 880PLTimes Cited: 2Cited Reference Count: 26International Conference on Environmental and Biological Aspects of Main Group OrganometallicsDEC 03-05, 2003Pau, FRANCE},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {626-630},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {The Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesie) growing in an arsenic-rich gold-bearing region contains elevated arsenic concentrations in new-growth stems (374ppm dry weight (dw)) and needles (257ppm dw). Speciation of methanol-water extracts by using high-performance liquid chromatography- inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry show that arsenite is the major species in needles but arsenate is more dominant in stems. Only traces of methylarsenicals are present. Arsenic concentrations in other tree species growing in the region are generally much lower; dimethylarsinate was extracted from a spruce cone. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {accumulation, arsenic, CANADA, CONTAMINATED SOILS, Douglas fir, ENVIRONMENT, fern, gold mine, HPLC-ICP-MS, HYPERACCUMULATOR, PHYTOCHELATINS, PLANTS, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000225801600005},
	author = {Haug, C. M. and Reimer, K. J. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@inbook {870,
	title = {The effect of phosphate on the bioaccumulation and biotransformation of arsenic(V) by the marine alga Fucus gardneri},
	booktitle = {Organic Metal and Metalloid Species in the Environment - Analysis, Distribution, Processes and Toxicological Evaluation},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: BY92PTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 20Proceedings PaperWorkshop on Organometallics in the EnvironmentOCT 14-16, 2002Essen, GERMANY233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES},
	pages = {155-166},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {AXENIC CULTURE, GROWTH, SPECIATION, SPIRALIS},
	isbn = {3-540-20829-1},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000189496700008},
	author = {Granchinho, S. C. R. and Cullen, W. R. and Polishchuk, E. and Reimer, K. J.},
	editor = {Hirner, A. V. and Emons, H.}
}
@article {663,
	title = {Arsenic methylation by micro-organisms isolated from sheepskin bedding materials},
	journal = {Human \& Experimental Toxicology},
	volume = {22},
	number = {6},
	year = {2003},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 696NKTimes Cited: 6Cited Reference Count: 48},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {325-334},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has been associated with the volatilization of arsenic, antimony or phosphorus compounds from infants{\textquoteright} bedding material by micro-organisms, the so-called {\textquoteright}toxic gas hypothesis{\textquoteright}. The volatilization of arsenic by aerobic micro-organisms isolated from new sheepskin bedding material, as well as on material used by a healthy infant and by an infant who perished of SIDS, was examined. Three fungi were isolated from a piece of sheepskin bedding material on which an infant perished of SIDS, which methylated arsenic to form trimethylarsenic(V) species, precursors to volatile trimethylarsine. These three fungi were identified as Scopulariopsis koningii, Fomitopsis pinicola and Penicillium gladioli by their 26S-ribosomal RNA polymerase chain reaction products. These fungi were not previously known to methylate arsenic. The volatilization of arsenic by these three fungi was then examined. Only R gladioli volatilized arsenic and only under conditions such that the production of sufficient trimethylarsine to be acutely toxic to an infant is unlikely. S. brevicaulis grew on the sheepskin bedding material and evolved a trace amount of trimethylarsine. Known human pathogens such as Mycobacterium neoaurum and Acinetobacter junii were isolated from used bedding.},
	keywords = {ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS, arsenic, BIOMETHYLATION, COT MATTRESSES, fungi, GAS, hypothesis, IDENTIFICATION, INFANT-DEATH-SYNDROME, METHYLATION, SCOPULARIOPSIS-BREVICAULIS, SPECIATION, sudden infant death syndrome, toxic gas, TRIMETHYLARSINE, VOLATILIZATION},
	isbn = {0960-3271},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000183892800008},
	author = {Lehr, C. R. and Polishchuk, E. and Delisle, M. C. and Franz, C. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {724,
	title = {Characterization of copper-complexing ligands in seawater using immobilized copper(Il)-ion affinity chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {83},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2003},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 743RZTimes Cited: 13Cited Reference Count: 44Ocean Sciences Meeting 2002FEB 11-15, 2002HONOLULU, HAWAII},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {47-58},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {Electrochemical studies show that copper and other bioactive trace metals are associated almost exclusively with dissolved organic ligands in surface seawater. Some of these ligands may be released by photosynthetic marine organisms to control metal uptake. However, new analytical approaches are needed to determine the chemical composition and ecological significance of these compounds. We have combined immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to selectively extract and characterize copper-complexing ligands in seawater. Samples taken from British Columbia coastal waters were filtered through mixed cellulose membranes (0.45 mum) using nitrogen overpressure. Compounds with an affinity for copper were then extracted using Cu(II)-IMAC and eluted in acidified seawater. The eluant was monitored using UV absorption (255 nm), which showed that IMAC extracts from river and surface waters contained the highest concentrations of U-V-absorbing organic matter. Fractions were collected and analyzed by flow-injection (FI) negative ion ESI-MS using a custom made XAD-16 column, which gave 82\% recovery and a detection limit of 1.6 pmol for salicylic acid in acidified seawater. Low-molecular-weight compounds containing nitrogen were detected in the IMAC extracts of highest UV absorbance. These compounds followed an elution profile similar to the corresponding UV chromatogram. Measured masses of 265 and 259 Da are consistent with peptides containing, respectively, one thiol and two primary amino groups, characteristics associated with copper-complexing ligands detected in marine algal cultures and surface seawater using other methods. However, the absence of positive ions under experimental conditions suggests that the extracted compounds are predominantly acidic, and may therefore be hydroxamic acids or other nitrogen-containing compounds. The use of alternative resins and FI solvents to improve recovery, increase ionization efficiency, and permit structural (MS/MS) analysis of compounds extracted by IMAC is now being investigated. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {CHROMATOGRAPHY, COMPLEXATION, CU, DISSOLVED COPPER, electrospray ionization, ESTUARINE WATER, iron, LIGANDS, marine environment, MARINE-BACTERIA, MASS SPECTROMETRY, OCEAN, organic compounds, ORGANIC-LIGANDS, PHYTOPLANKTON, SPECIATION, stress},
	isbn = {0304-4203},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000186588500006},
	author = {Ross, A. R. S. and Ikonomou, M. G. and Orians, K. J.}
}
@article {427,
	title = {Arsenic speciation in whelks, Bucciunum undatum},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {16},
	number = {8},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 582FYTimes Cited: 6Cited Reference Count: 2510th International Symposium on Natural and Industrial Arsenic of the Japanese-Arsenic-Scientists-SocietyNOV 29-30, 2001TOKYO, JAPANJapanese Arsen Scientists Soc},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {458-462},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {The arsenic species present in the foot muscle of whelks, Buccinum undatum, collected from Newfoundland, Canada, were characterized by using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. All samples contain high amounts of arsenic, mostly over 100 mug g(-1) (as arsenic, dry weight basis), and one sample contained up to 1360 mug g(-1). These values are considerably higher than those reported in other gastropods. Speciation studies of representative samples revealed arsenobetaine as the major water-soluble arsenic compound, together with trace amounts of an arsenosugar. No inorganic arsenic species were detected in the sample extracts, indicating that consumption of the whelks poses little human risk. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {arsenic, arsenobetaine, arsenosugar, HPLC, ICP-MS, LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, MASS SPECTROMETRY, SPECIATION, whelks},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000177340200011},
	author = {Lai, V. W. M. and Beach, A. S. and Cullen, W. R. and Ray, S. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {362,
	title = {Distribution of arsenic species in the freshwater crustacean Procambarus clarkii},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {16},
	number = {12},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 622PGTimes Cited: 2Cited Reference Count: 25},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {692-700},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The concentrations of total arsenic and arsenic species in the complete organism of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and its various parts (hepatopancreas, tail, and remaining parts) were analyzed in order to discover the distribution of arsenic and its species. With this information it will be possible to establish where the chemical forms of this metalloid tend to accumulate and what risks may derive from the contents and species present in the edible parts of this crustacean. The total arsenic content in the complete organism and in the various parts analyzed ranged from 2.5 to 12 mug g(-1) dry mass (DM), with inorganic arsenic representing 18 to 34\% of total arsenic. The arsenical composition varied according to the part of the crayfish considered. The hepatopancreas had the highest levels of total arsenic (9.2-12 mug g(-1) DM) and inorganic arsenic (2.7-3.2 mug g(-1) DM). The tail (edible part) had the lowest levels of both total arsenic (2.5-2.6 mug g(-1) DM) and inorganic arsenic (0.46-0.64 mug g(-1) DM). The predominant organoarsenical species were the dimethylarsinoylribosides: glycerol riboside in the hepatopancreas, sulfate riboside in the tail, and sulfonate and phosphate ribosides in the remaining parts. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {arsenic, arsenic species, arsenosugars, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, BIOACCUMULATION, crayfish, DIGESTION, ENVIRONMENT, FISH, freshwater, heptopancreas, MASS-SPECTROMETRY, PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, PRODUCTS, SEAFOOD, SPECIATION, tail muscle},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000179655000002},
	author = {Devesa, V. and Suner, M. A. and Lai, V. W. M. and Granchinho, S. C. R. and Velez, D. and Cullen, W. R. and Martinez, J. M. and Montoro, R.}
}
@article {388,
	title = {Transformation of arsenic(V) by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum melonis isolated from the alga Fucus gardneri},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {16},
	number = {12},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 622PGTimes Cited: 11Cited Reference Count: 18},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {721-726},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A fungus isolated from the macroalga Fucus gardneri was identified by using 28S rDNA sequence analysis, 99\% similarity match, as Fusarium oxysporum meloni. The fungus was exposed to arsenic(V) (500 ppb) in artificial seawater to investigate the possibility that the fungus is the source of the metabolic activity that results in the presence of arsenosugars in the macroalga. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to identify the arsenic species in the fungus, and in the growth medium. The fungus was able to accumulate arsenic(V) and an increase in arsenite and dimethylarsinate was also observed. Some reduction of arsenate led to a small increase of arsenite in the growth medium. The fungus does not seem to be involved with the accumulation of arsenosugars by the Fucus. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {(PCR), arsenic, BIOACCUMULATION, fungus, inductively coupled plasma, polymerase chain reaction, rDNA, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000179655000006},
	author = {Granchinho, S. C. R. and Franz, C. M. and Polishchuk, E. and Cullen, W. R. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {5000,
	title = {Antimony biomethylation by the wood rotting fungus Phaeolus schweinitzii},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {15},
	number = {6},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 435TUTimes Cited: 18Cited Reference Count: 27},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {473-480},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The wood rotting fungus, Phaeolus schweinitzii, efficiently transforms the antimony(III) compounds potassium antimony tartrate and antimony trioxide to nonvolatile dimethylantimony and trimethylantimony species, The organoantimony species were detected in potato dextrose broth media samples by using hydride generation-gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectroscopy (HG-GC-AAS). The average concentrations of trimethylantimony species after 40 days incubation with potassium antimony tartrate were approximately 35 mug, 155 mug and 520 mug Sb/l, for substrate concentrations of 10 mg, 100 mg and 1000 mg Sb/l respectively. Thus, the maximum yield of trimethylantimony species was approximately 0.4\%, When antimony trioxide (saturated solution, 4 mg Sb/l) was used as a substrate, the average concentration of trimethylantimony species was 150 mug Sb/l after 40 days. The HG-GC-AAS response for the dimethylantimony species was less than that for the trimethylantimony species; however, quantification was not possible because of the lack of an appropriate standard. In comparison, cultures of P, schweinitzii incubated with 1 mg As/I as sodium arsenite contained approximately 200 mug As/I as trimethylarsenic species, i.e. 20\% yield, Biomethylation of antimony(V) was inefficient: cultures contained only 3 mug Sb/l as trimethylantimony species after incubation with 100 mg Sb/l as potassium hexahydroxyantimonate, No organoantimony species were detected in control cultures that contained only medium and inorganic antimony compounds. The identities of the organoantimony species were confirmed by using CC-Mass Spectrometry, Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY, CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY, chromatography-atomic, CONFIRMATION, CULTURES, dimethylantimony, GENERATION, GROWTH, HUMICOLA, hydride generation-gas, infant death syndrome (SIDS), INFANT-DEATH-SYNDROME, MICROORGANISMS, Phaeolus schweinitzii, SCOPULARIOPSIS-BREVICAULIS, SPECIATION, sudden, trimethylantimony},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000168897900005},
	author = {Andrewes, P. and Cullen, W. R. and Polishchuk, E. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {5118,
	title = {Arsenic speciation in sea scallop gonads},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {15},
	number = {6},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 435TUTimes Cited: 15Cited Reference Count: 19},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {533-538},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The arsenic species in male and female sea scallop gonads (Placopecten magellanicus) at pre-spawning and post-spawning stages, collected near Newfoundland, Canada, were characterized by using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, All samples contain arsenobetaine (0.5-3.0 mug g(-1)) and a dimethylarsinoylriboside derivative as the major water-soluble arsenic compounds. Male pre-spawning gonads contain 0.35-2.4 mug g(-1) of the dimethylarsinoylriboside, Female pre-spawning gonads contain 0.47-9.64 mug g(-1) of the same compound. Postspawning gonads, both male and female, contain higher concentrations of this compound (3.7-11.4 mug g(-1)). The total concentrations of water-soluble arsenic compounds are different in male and female pre-spawning gonads. These differences are not obvious in post-spawning gonads. Post-spawning gonads contain higher total concentrations of water-soluble arsenic compounds than pre-spawning gonads. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {arsenic, arsenobetaine, arsenosugar, HEPATOCYTES, HPLC, ICP-MS, MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID, RAT, scallops, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000168897900012},
	author = {Lai, V. W. M. and Cullen, W. R. and Ray, S.}
}
@article {5083,
	title = {Unstable trivalent arsenic metabolites, monomethylarsonous acid and dimethylarsinous acid},
	journal = {Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry},
	volume = {16},
	number = {12},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 498MYTimes Cited: 95Cited Reference Count: 52},
	pages = {1409-1413},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Two key arsenic metabolites, monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)), have recently been detected in human urine. There is an increasing interest in the speciation of these metabolites in humans because of their demonstrated effects on cellular toxicity and DNA damage. However, there is no information on the oxidative stability of these arsenic species. It is not known whether and to what extent these trivalent metabolites are changed during sample handling and storage. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the oxidative conversion of these arsenic species during sample storage. We compared the effects of the storage temperature (25, 4, and -20 degreesC) and storage duration (up to 5 months) on the stability of MMA(III) and DMA(III) in de-ionized water and in human urine. We used HPLC with hydride generation atomic fluorescence detection for the speciation of arsenic. This method provided sub-mug L-1 to low-mug L-1 detection limits for each arsenic species. We found that the oxidation of MMA(III) and DMA(III) was matrix and temperature dependent. Low temperature conditions (4 and -20 degreesC) improved the stability of these arsenic species over the room temperature storage condition. MMA(III) in de-ionized water was relatively stable for almost 4 months, when stored at 4 or -20 degreesC with less than 10\% of MMA(III) oxidized to MMA(V). In contrast, most of MMA(III) ( 90\%) in urine was oxidized to MMA(V) over the 5 month period under the 4 or -20 degreesC storage condition. At 25 degreesC, MMA(III) in urine was completely oxidized to MMA(V) within a week. DMA(III) in deionized water was stable for only 2-3 days, being rapidly oxidized to DMA(V). DMA(III) in urine was completely oxidized to DMA(V) within a day at 4 or -20 degreesC. The conversion of DMA(III) to DMA(V) in urine at 25 degreesC was complete in 17 h. These results show that MMA(III) and DMA(III) are much less stable than other arsenic species, and their stability depends on sample matrix and temperature.},
	keywords = {ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE DETECTION, BLACKFOOT DISEASE, chemical, DRINKING-WATER, ENZYMATIC, GLUTATHIONE-REDUCTASE, HUMAN HEPATOCYTES, HUMAN URINE, LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, METHYLATION, RABBIT LIVER, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0267-9477},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000172516100011},
	author = {Gong, Z. L. and Lu, X. F. and Cullen, W. R. and Le, X. C.}
}
@article {4718,
	title = {Antimony biomethylation by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis: characterization of intermediates and the methyl donor},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	volume = {41},
	number = {11},
	year = {2000},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 345WVTimes Cited: 15Cited Reference Count: 23},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1717-1725},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The filamentous fungus Scopulauiopsis brevicaulis biomethylates inorganic antimony(III) compounds to trimethylstibine, that can be detected in culture headspace gases. Dimethylantimony and trimethylantimony species have been detected in the medium of these cultures, but the origin of these species was controversial. We now show that the dimethylantimony species is a true intermediate on the pathway to trimethylstibine (rather than arising from trimethylstibine oxidation or as an analytical artifact) because no dimethylantimony species are formed on trimethylstibine oxidation, as determined by using HG-GC-AAS. Furthermore, the dimethylantimony and trimethylantimony species can be separated, by using anion exchange chromatography, and so the dimethylantimony species is not an analytical artifact, formed during the hydride generation process. The antimony biomethylation mechanism was further probed by measuring incorporation of the methyl group, from (CD3)-C-13-L-methionine and CD3-D-methionine, into methylantimony species and, for comparison, into methylarsenic species. The percentage incorporation of the labeled methyl group into methylarsenic and methylantimony species was not significantly different. The incorporation from (CD3)-C-13-L-methionine was 54\% and 47\% for antimony and arsenic, respectively. The incorporation from CD3-D-methionine was 20\% and 16\% for antimony and arsenic, respectively. It appears that the biomethylation of arsenic and antimony occur by very similar, perhaps identical, mechanisms. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {APIOTRICHUM-HUMICOLA, arsenic, dimethylantimony, GENERATION, GROWTH, INFANT-DEATH-SYNDROME, INORGANIC ANTIMONY, METHIONINE, RELEVANCE, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, SPECIATION, trimethylantimony, TRIMETHYLARSINE, trimethylstibine, trimethylstibine oxidation},
	isbn = {0045-6535},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000088838900002},
	author = {Andrewes, P. and Cullen, W. R. and Polishchuk, E.}
}
@article {4852,
	title = {Antimony species in environmental samples},
	journal = {International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry},
	volume = {77},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 335VQTimes Cited: 17Cited Reference Count: 33},
	pages = {111-131},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Antimony was extracted from environmental biota samples from Yellowknife, NWT and Meager Creek, BC, Canada. Extraction efficiencies ranged from 0.7 to 37\% for all samples except for a cattail sample, from which 95\% of antimony was extracted. Speciation analysis was carried out by using hydride generation-gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-GC-AAS). The major antimony species in all samples, including biota extracts and water, was Sb (V). Sb (III) and methylated antimony species were detected in some samples as well. The presence of methylated antimony species in moss from Yellowknife and a water sample from Yellowknife was confirmed by using HG-GC-AAS at a second absorption wavelength, increasing the likelihood that the peaks obtained are due to the presence of antimony compounds. A headspace HG-GC-mass spectrometric (MS) method was developed for the speciation of antimony compounds and this was used to successfully confirm methylantimony species in the headspace following HG of extracts of moss and snail samples from Yellowknife.},
	keywords = {ANTIMONY, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, GENERATION GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY, HYDRIDE GENERATION, MASS SPECTROMETRY, PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, PLANTS, SCOPULARIOPSIS-BREVICAULIS, snails, SPECIATION, WATERS},
	isbn = {0306-7319},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000088265800002},
	author = {Koch, I. and Wang, L. X. and Feldmann, J. and Andrewes, P. and Reimer, K. J. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {4719,
	title = {Arsenic and antimony biomethylation by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis: Interaction of arsenic and antimony compounds},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	volume = {34},
	number = {11},
	year = {2000},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 320GXTimes Cited: 21Cited Reference Count: 26},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {2249-2253},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The biomethylation of arsenic by the filamentous fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis is well documented, and the biomethylation of antimony by this fungus was recently established. However, in all the previous studies each metalloid was studied in isolation. Arsenic and antimony are often associated in the environment, and so an understanding of interactions between these elements is necessary. To this end, S. brevicaulis was grown in media containing mixtures of arsenic and antimony compounds in various proportions, and the principle nonvolatile biomethylation products (trimethylantimony and trimethylarsenic species) in the medium were quantified by using HG-GC-AAS. It was found that the yield of trimethylantimony compounds, obtained from the biomethylation of potassium antimony tartrate, was increased in the presence of sodium arsenite. The production of trimethylarsenic species from sodium arsenite was significantly inhibited in the presence of antimony (either as potassium antimony tartrate or antimony trioxide) at antimony concentrations too low to inhibit growth. This is although arsenic(III), in the absence of antimony, is much more readily biomethylated. That is 1.2-5.3\% of added arsenic is biomethylated by S. brevicaulis whereas only 0.0006-0.008\% of added antimony(III) is biomethylated over 1 month. Potassium hexahydroxyantimonate had no effect on arsenic biomethylation. The addition of potassium tartrate to cultures did not inhibit arsenic biomethylation. The biomethylation of sodium arsenate was not inhibited as much by antimony compounds. The inhibitory effect of antimony was found to be a function of the ratio of antimony to arsenic rather than the absolute amount of antimony.},
	keywords = {CONFIRMATION, CULTURES, HUMICOLA, HYDRIDE GENERATION, INFANT-DEATH-SYNDROME, INORGANIC ANTIMONY, MICROORGANISMS, RELEVANCE, SPECIATION, SPECTROMETRY},
	isbn = {0013-936X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000087394400040},
	author = {Andrewes, P. and Cullen, W. R. and Polishchuk, E.}
}
@article {4854,
	title = {Arsenic species in terrestrial fungi and lichens from Yellowknife, NWT, Canada},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {14},
	number = {5},
	year = {2000},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 318XXTimes Cited: 30Cited Reference Count: 31},
	month = {May},
	pages = {245-252},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Levels of total arsenic and arsenic species were determined in fungi collected from Yellowknife, NWT, Canada, an area that has been affected by past mining activities and elevated arsenic levels, Lichens (belonging to Cladonia and Cladina genera), as well as the mushrooms Coprinus comatus, Paxillus involutus, Psathyrella candolleana and Leccinum scabrum, were studied for the first time, Most of the fungi contained elevated arsenic levels with respect to data found in the literature for background levels. Minor amounts of arsenobetaine were found in all lichen samples. The major water-soluble arsenic species in the fungi mere inorganic arsenic for lichens and Psathyrella candolleana, arsenobetaine for Lycoperdon pyriforme and Coprinus comatus, and dimethylarsenate for Paxillus involutus and Leccinum scabrum. A large proportion of water-soluble arsenic in Paxillus involutus occurred as an unknown compound, which did not co-chromatograph with any of the available standard arsenic compounds. Low proportions of water-soluble arsenic species (made evident by low extraction efficiencies) were observed in the majority of fungi studied. Arsenic that is not extracted may be bound to lipids, cell components or proteins, or might exist on the surface of the fungus as minerals. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {AMANITA-MUSCARIA, arsenic, arsenobetaine, ARSENOCHOLINE, lichens, mining, MUSHROOM, mushrooms, ORGANISMS, SEDIMENTS, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000087310900003},
	author = {Koch, I. and Wang, L. X. and Reimer, K. J. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {4921,
	title = {Characterization of dissolved tannins and their metal-ion complexes by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry},
	journal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	volume = {411},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2000},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 305EYTimes Cited: 25Cited Reference Count: 51},
	month = {May},
	pages = {91-102},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Electrospray mass spectrometry was used to characterize metal-complexing ligands derived from tannic acid, a component of natural dissolved organic matter. Complexes formed by tannin ligands with copper and other biogeochemically important metals were identified from the mass-to-charge ratios of the corresponding deprotonated molecular ions, allowing stoichiometry and metal oxidation state to be determined. Ligand ion intensities were proportional to tannic acid concentration, with detection limits on the order of 5 nM for individual compounds in 50:50 water/acetonitrile. The relative abundance of free ligand and complex ions indicated the degree of complexation under different solution conditions (metal concentration, pH, ionic strength). Using tandem mass spectrometry, the structure and principal copper binding site for one of the tannins were also determined, providing unique information with regard to metal complexation by these polyfunctional ligands. The technique can be combined with high performance liquid chromatography for on-line separation of dissolved organic compounds. Results demonstrate the potential of this approach for characterizing the different classes of metal-complexing ligands found in natural waters. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {AFFINITY-CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHROMATOGRAPHY, COMPLEXATION, copper, electrospray ionization, high performance liquid, iron, LIGANDS, MASS SPECTROMETRY, metal-ion complexes, NATURAL ORGANIC-LIGANDS, ORGANIC, PERFORMANCE, PROTEINS, REGIOSELECTIVE MONO-OXIDATION, SPECIATION, STOICHIOMETRY, tannins, TOXICITY, trace metals},
	isbn = {0003-2670},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000086527500011},
	author = {Ross, A. R. S. and Ikonomou, M. G. and Orians, K. J.}
}
@article {4862,
	title = {Determination of monomethylarsonous acid, a key arsenic methylation intermediate, in human urine},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	volume = {108},
	number = {11},
	year = {2000},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 373XPTimes Cited: 101Cited Reference Count: 48},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {1015-1018},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {In this study we report on the finding of monomethylarsonous acid [MMA(III)I in human urine. This newly identified arsenic species is a key intermediate in the metabolic pathway of arsenic biomethylation, which involves stepwise reduction of pentavalent to trivalent arsenic species followed by oxidative addition of a methyl group. Arsenic speciation was carried out using ion-pair chromatographic separation of arsenic compounds with hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry detection. Speciation of the inorganic arsenite [As(III)], inorganic arsenate [As(V)], monomethylarsonic acid [MMA(V)], dimethylarsinic acid [DMA(V)], and MMA(III) in a urine sample was complete in 5 min. Urine samples collected from humans before and after a single oral administration of 300 mg sodium 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonate (DMPS) were analyzed for arsenic species. MMA(III) was found in 51 out of 123 urine samples collected from 41 people in inner Mongolia 0-6 hr after the administration of DMPS. MMA(III)in urine samples did not arise from the reduction of MMA(V) by DMPS. DMPS probably assisted the release of MMA(III) that was formed in the body. Along with the presence of MMA(III), there was an increase in the relative concentration of MMA(V) and a decrease in DMA(V) in the urine samples collected after the DMPS ingestion.},
	keywords = {3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonate, ARSENIC SPECIATION, BIOMARKERS, CARCINOGENESIS, CHEMICAL FORMS, DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID, ENZYMATIC METHYLATION, EXCRETION, EXPOSURE, GLUTATHIONE-REDUCTASE, INGESTION, METABOLISM, METABOLITES, METHYLATION, MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID, sodium 2, SPECIATION, trivalent methylarsenic species, urine metabolites},
	isbn = {0091-6765},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000165315600019},
	author = {Le, X. C. and Ma, M. S. and Lu, X. F. and Cullen, W. R. and Aposhian, H. V. and Zheng, B. S.}
}
@article {4720,
	title = {Interaction of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, and other microorganisms, with 10,10 {\textquoteright}-oxybisphenoxarsine (OBPA)},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {14},
	number = {7},
	year = {2000},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 331GVTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 13},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {364-370},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The fungicide 10,10{\textquoteright}-oxybisphenoxarsine (OBPA) is widely used in consumer products, such as shower curtains, wall coverings and carpets, A possibility exists that microorganisms might be able to degrade OBPA to produce volatile trimethylarsine, If this did occur, then in certain situations enough trimethylarsine might be produced to be a hazard, In this study, we cultured microorganisms in medium containing OBPA, and examined the medium for possible degradation products, We used Scopulariopsis brevicaulis in one experiment, because this microorganism is known for its ability to biomethylate arsenic, OBPA-tolerant microorganisms, isolated from a soil contaminated with arylarsenic compounds, were used in a second series of experiments, We found no evidence of complete microbiological cleavage of aryl-arsenic bonds in any of the cultures, and no significant amount of trimethylarsine was detected in the headspace of S. brevicaulis cultures, Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {10, 10 {\textquoteright}-oxybisphenoxarsine, arsenic, cyanodiphenylarsine, HUMICOLA, OBPA, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, SIDS, SPECIATION, TRIMETHYLARSINE},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000088010700005},
	author = {Andrewes, P. and Cullen, W. R. and Wang, C. Q. and Polishchuk, E. and Liao, T.}
}
@article {4586,
	title = {Arsenic in the Meager Creek hot springs environment, British Columbia, Canada},
	journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
	volume = {236},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 243EGTimes Cited: 66Cited Reference Count: 59},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {101-117},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Levels of arsenic in water from Meager Creek hot springs, British Columbia, Canada, were found to be naturally elevated. Biota including microbial mats, green algae, sedge, cedar, fleabane, monkey flower, moss, mushrooms and lichens, that were expected to be impacted by the water, were analyzed for total levels of arsenic and for arsenic species. The major arsenic species extracted from all samples were arsenate and arsenite, which are toxic forms of arsenic. Additionally, small amounts of arsenosugars X and XI were detected in microbial mats and green algae, implying that cyanobacteria/bacteria, and possibly green algae are capable of synthesizing arsenosugars from arsenate. Low to trace amounts of arsenosugars X and XI were detected in lichens and the fungus Tarzetta cupularis. A large fraction (on average, greater than 50\%) of arsenic was not extracted by using methanol/water (1:1) and the chemical and toxicological significance of this arsenic remains unknown. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ALGA, arsenic, BIOACCUMULATION, BIOMETHYLATION, ESTUARINE WATERS, FATE, fungi, hot springs, microbial mats, ORGANISMS, ORIGIN, PLANTS, SPECIATION, WATER FOOD-CHAIN},
	isbn = {0048-9697},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000082983600008},
	author = {Koch, I. and Feldmann, J. and Wang, L. X. and Andrewes, P. and Reimer, K. J. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {4593,
	title = {Arsenic speciation in scallops},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {66},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 214FQTimes Cited: 42Cited Reference Count: 33},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {81-89},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The arsenic species present in the muscle and the gonad of scallops collected near Newfoundland were characterized by using high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). The adductor muscle of the scallops (2.1-9.4 mu g As g(-1)) contains arsenobetaine (AsB) as the major water-soluble arsenic compound. The gonads of the scallops (7.3-44.1 mu g As g(-1)) contain dimethylarsinoylriboside derivatives as the major arsenic compound, as well as lower amounts of AsB. No inorganic arsenic species was detected in the sample extracts indicating that consumption of the scallops poses little human risk. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {arsenic, arsenobetaine, arsenosugar, CONTAINING RIBOFURANOSIDES, HPLC, ICP-MS, IDENTIFICATION, SAMPLES, scallops, SEAWEED, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0304-4203},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000081318300004},
	author = {Lai, V. W. M. and Cullen, W. R. and Ray, S.}
}
@article {4461,
	title = {Methylantimony compound formation in the medium of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis cultures: (CD3)-C-13-L-methionine as a source of the methyl group},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {13},
	number = {10},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 243BTTimes Cited: 21Cited Reference Count: 134th International Conference on Biological and Environmental Aspects of Main Group OrganometallicsJUN, 1998ODENSE, DENMARK},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {681-687},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {The filamentous fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis produces nonvolatile methylantimony compounds (found in the medium) when grown in antimony(III)-rich medium. To investigate the methyl source, (CD3)-C-13-labelled L-methionine was added to the growth medium. After one month sodium borohydride reduction of media samples produced dimethylstibine and trimethylstibine. The methylstibines were separated on a packed GC column and obtained as gaseous fractions. Analysis of the methylstibines, in the gaseous fractions, by CGC-MS (lion-trap) established (CD3)-C-13 incorporation in both the trimethyl-and dimethyl-antimony compounds. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {ANTIMONY, APIOTRICHUM-HUMICOLA, BIOMETHYLATION, biotransformation, CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY, COMPOUNDS, L-methionine, methylantimony, potassium antimony tartrate, S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, SPECIATION, species},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000082977800003},
	author = {Andrewes, P. and Cullen, W. R. and Feldmann, J. and Koch, I. and Polishchuk, E.}
}
@article {4534,
	title = {Methylated bismuth in the environment},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {13},
	number = {10},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 243BTTimes Cited: 24Cited Reference Count: 424th International Conference on Biological and Environmental Aspects of Main Group OrganometallicsJUN, 1998ODENSE, DENMARK},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {739-748},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {Biomethylation of metals and metalloids of Group 14 and 15 metals such as tin, lead and arsenic takes place in the environment, but information about methylated bismuth compounds is rather limited, although bismuth compounds are used widely in alloys, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products, Cryotrapping gas chromatography and hydride generation gas chromatography coupled with an ICP-MS as a bismuth-selective detector were used to determine volatile bismuth compounds in landfill and in sewage gas, as well as non-volatile methylated compounds in water and sediment samples, One volatile bismuth compound could be determined in gaseous samples; it was identified as Me3Bi (TMB) by element-specific detection (ICP-MS, m/z 209), matching the retention time with a TMB standard. The molecular structure was recently confirmed by gas-chromatographic fractionation with MS-ion trap detection (electron impact), Among other volatile metal compounds, TMB is a major component in the gases of sewage sludge digesters: concentrations of up to 25 mu g m(-3) have been measured at eight sewage treatment plants, The concentration in landfill gas was approximately one order of magnitude lower. In laboratory experiments, fermenters containing an anaerobic culture from a clean pond sludge were mixed with contaminated soil from four different industrial areas, After an incubation time of two weeks at 30 degrees C in the dark, TMB was detected in the headspace of all the samples, The volatilization rate of bismuth did mot correlate with the total amount of bismuth: in the sediments or with the available fraction after acid digestion following hydride generation. Some evidence was obtained for the occurrence of methylated bismuth compounds in water samples and in sediments, Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {ABSORPTION, BIOMETHYLATION, BISMUTH, deposits, GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY, ICP-MS, landfill gas, PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY, sewage gas, SPECIATION, VOLATILE METAL, WASTE},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000082977800010},
	author = {Feldmann, J. and Krupp, E. M. and Glindemann, D. and Hirner, A. V. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {4552,
	title = {The separation of dimethylarsinic acid, methylarsonous acid, methylarsonic acid, arsenate and dimethylarsinous acid on the Hamilton PRP-X100 anion-exchange column},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {13},
	number = {11},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 255DLTimes Cited: 24Cited Reference Count: 29},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {837-843},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {In order to separate the potential arsenite metabolites methylarsonous acid and dimethylarsinous acid from arsenite, arsenate, methylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid, the pH-dependent retention behaviour of all six arsenic compounds was studied on a Hamilton PRP-X100 anion-exchange column with 30 mM phosphate buffers (pH 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) containing 20\% (v/v) methanol as mobile phase and employing an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) as the arsenic-specific detector. Baseline separation of dimethylarsinic acid, methylarsonous acid, methylarsonic acid, arsenate and dimethylarsinous acid was achieved with a 30 mmol dm(-3) phosphate buffer (pH 5)-methanol mixture (80:20, v/v) in 25 min. Arsenite is not baseline-separated from dimethylarsinic acid under these conditions, Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {ARSENATE, ARSENITE, BEHAVIOR, DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID, dimethylarsinous acid, ENVIRONMENT, ENZYMATIC METHYLATION, GLUTATHIONE, HPLC-ICP-AES, LAKE-BIWA, METABOLISM, METHYLARSENICALS, methylarsonic acid, methylarsonous acid, SPECIATION, SPECTROMETRY},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000083654200005},
	author = {Gailer, J. and Madden, S. and Cullen, W. R. and Denton, M. B.}
}
@article {4311,
	title = {Demethylation of trimethylantimony species in aqueous solution during analysis by hydride generation gas chromatography with AAS and ICP MS detection},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {12},
	number = {2},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: YY039Times Cited: 34Cited Reference Count: 12},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {129-136},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The method of hydride generation for the speciation of antimony compounds was examined with respect to the problem of molecular {\textquoteright}rearrangement{\textquoteright}. Specifically, demethylation of trimethylstilbine during the analysis of trimethylantimony dichloride (Me3SbCl2) was studied, Previously published observations that enhanced demethylation takes place as a result of inadequate preconditioning of the analytical apparatus were found to be not reproducible, However, demethylation was enhanced as the pH decreased when using two different analytical methods: semi-continuous how hydride generation-gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-GC-AAS), and batch-type hydride generation-gas chromatography-inductively coupled mass spectrometry (HG-GC-ICP MS). Applications of the hydride generation method to environmental samples revealed differences in analytical results at high and low pH, and enhanced demethylation taking place because of the matrix in a fungal extract sample, The authors recommend that researchers using the method of hydride generation for antimony compounds carefully test the reaction conditions with standard compounds and use the method of standard addition only. (C) 1998 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {ANTIMONY(V), ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, demethylation, HYDRIDE GENERATION, molecular rearrangement, NATURAL-WATERS, SPECIATION, trimethylantimony},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000072106100006},
	author = {Koch, I. and Feldmann, J. and Lintschinger, J. and Serves, S. V. and Cullen, W. R. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {4394,
	title = {Determination of dissolved metal species by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry},
	journal = {Analytical Chemistry},
	volume = {70},
	number = {11},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: ZR483Times Cited: 49Cited Reference Count: 50},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {2225-2235},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The distribution of metal species in solution was determined using now injection electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Complexes formed by selected metal ions with added organic ligands in 50:50 water/acetonitrile and 50:50 water/methanol under acidic, neutral, and basic conditions were detected using electrospray ionization conditions optimized to best represent solution-phase interactions. Metal species containing acetate, nitrate, and solvent molecules predominated in acidic solution but became less abundant at higher pH. Interactions between metal ions and added organic ligands became more selective with increasing pH, showing the expected preference of hard and soft ligands for metal ions:of the corresponding type. Species distributions also tended toward larger complexes as pH increased. Overall ion yield was greater for aqueous acetonitrile than for aqueous methanol solutions; however, reduction of copper(II) in aqueous acetonitrile resulted in the detection of copper(I) complexes for certain ligands. Experimental results for copper(II) and 8-hydroxyquinoline in 50:50 water/methanol showed good agreement with aqueous speciation predicted using the thermodynamic equilibrium model MINEQL. Detection of neutral complexes was achieved by protonation, deprotonation, or electrochemical oxidation during electrospray.},
	keywords = {COMPLEXES, copper, GAS-PHASE, LIGANDS, PHASE ION CHEMISTRY, PROTEINS, SOLVENT, SPECIATION, STOICHIOMETRY},
	isbn = {0003-2700},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000073981600011},
	author = {Ross, A. R. S. and Ikonomou, M. G. and Thompson, J. A. J. and Orians, K. J.}
}
@article {4183,
	title = {The production of methylated organoantimony compounds by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {12},
	number = {12},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 149RQTimes Cited: 34Cited Reference Count: 37},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {827-842},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Cultures of the fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis were grown in antimony-rich media. Although volatile compounds of other elements were readily detected in the culture headspace, volatile antimony compounds were formed irreproducibly and at only ultratrace levels. In order to monitor the media for nonvolatile methylantimony compounds, a method of sample preparation was developed, based on solid-phase extraction. This enabled the separation of large quantities of soluble inorganic antimony species from trace amounts of organo-antimony compounds before speciation by HG-GC-AAS, By this methodology methylated antimony compounds were detected at concentrations of 0.8- 7.1 mu g Sbl(-1) in all media in which S. brevicaulis was grown in the presence of antimony(III) compounds. These methylantimony species were not detected in any of the nonliving or medium-only controls. Methylated compounds were not detected where S. brevicaulis was grown in the presence of antimony(V) compounds. This is the first study to show that antimony(III) compounds are biomethylated by S. brevicaulis under aerobic-only growth conditions. (C) 1998 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {ANTIMONY, APIOTRICHUM-HUMICOLA, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, BIOMETHYLATION, biotransformation, GASES, GENERATION, hydride, HYDRIDE GENERATION, infant death syndrome (SIDS), INFANT-DEATH-SYNDROME, LAKE-BIWA, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION, SPECIATION, sudden, volatile antimony, VOLATILE METAL, WASTE DEPOSITS},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000077619500006},
	author = {Andrewes, P. and Cullen, W. R. and Feldmann, J. and Koch, I. and Polishchuk, E. and Reimer, E.}
}
@article {4321,
	title = {Seasonal changes in arsenic speciation in Fucus species},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {12},
	number = {4},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: ZH050Times Cited: 27Cited Reference Count: 19},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {243-251},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Arsenic speciation in a brown alga, Fucus gardneri, collected in Vancouver, B.C., Canada, was carried out by using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS), Hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS) was used for total arsenic determination. The relative amounts of some arsenosugars 1 in growing tips are found to be different in comparison with the remainder of the plant. Fucus samples collected in summer contain 9 ppm of total arsenic. Most of the arsenic species are extractable. Fucus samples collected in winter contain relatively higher amounts of arsenic, 16-22 ppm, but only low amounts of this are extractable. (C) 1998 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {ALGAE, arsenic, arsenosugar, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, DISTICHUS, Fucus gardneri, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), inductively coupled, plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), POPULATION, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000073067100002},
	author = {Lai, V. W. M. and Cullen, W. R. and Harrington, C. F. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {4043,
	title = {The characterization of arsenosugars in commercially available algal products including a Nostoc species of terrestrial origin},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {11},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: YB269Times Cited: 77Cited Reference Count: 28},
	month = {Oct-Nov},
	pages = {797-803},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The arsenic species present in a range of commercially available dried-algal food products were characterized by HPLC-ICP-MS, The products of marine origin contain up to four dimethylarsinylribosides (1) in the 8-49 ppm range and some also contain dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA). These species are easily extracted and account for most of the arsenic burden. One sample of a freshwater alga Nostoc sp, was found to contain a lower concentration of arsenic, 3 ppm, and only 34\% of this was extractable, The extract representing 1 ppm of arsenic contained one of the arsenosugars 1 found in the marine samples (93\%), the rest being DMAA, This is the first report of the identification of an arsenosugar from an organism of terrestrial origin, The implications of this result in connection with the global arsenic cycle are discussed. (C) 1997 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {(ICP-MS), ACID, ALGAE, arsenic, ARSENIC-CONTAINING RIBOFURANOSIDES, arsenobetaine, arsenosugar, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, chromatography (HPLC), high-performance liquid, IDENTIFICATION, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, SEAWEED, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997YB26900005},
	author = {Lai, V. W. M. and Cullen, W. R. and Harrington, C. F. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {4059,
	title = {Determination of antimony species with high-performance liquid chromatography using element specific detection},
	journal = {Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry},
	volume = {359},
	number = {6},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: YJ059Times Cited: 52Cited Reference Count: 27},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {484-491},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A new method for the fast and simultaneous determination of Sb(III) and Sb(V) is presented involving the use of anion exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a complexing reagent in the mobile phase, and element specific detection with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Chromatographic parameters such as nature and concentration of the complexing and eluting compounds and pH of the mobile phase were investigated in detail. Additionally, the separation of inorganic Sb(III) and Sb(V) from organically bounded antimony (as (CH3)(3)SbCl2 and (CH3)(3)Sb(OH)(2)) was investigated by using anion, and cation exchange, and reversed phase HPLC. Best separation was obtained with anion exchange HPLC under alkaline conditions. Cation exchange and reversed-phase HPLC were not useful for the separation of the above compounds. With FAAS concentrations in the upper mg L-1 range are detectable, which is not sensitive enough for the analyses of environmental samples. When the chromatographic system was coupled to ICP-MS, the detection limits are in the lower mu g L-1 range. The method was applied to various environmental samples with anthropogenic and naturally elevated Sb concentrations.},
	keywords = {ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, HYDRIDE GENERATION, NATURAL-WATERS, PRECONCENTRATION, SB(III), SB(V), SEPARATION, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0937-0633},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997YJ05900004},
	author = {Lintschinger, J. and Koch, I. and Serves, S. and Feldmann, J. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {3959,
	title = {Occurrence of volatile transition metal compounds in landfill gas: Synthesis of molybdenum and Tungsten carbonyls in the environment},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {7},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: XH483Times Cited: 40Cited Reference Count: 31},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {2125-2129},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Evidence for the occurrence of volatile molybdenum and tungsten compounds in the environment is presented for the first time. The gases from three different municipal waste deposits were sampled and analyzed for volatile metal and metalloid compounds by using gas chromatography coupled with inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GC-ICP-MS). In addition to the known hydrides and methylated compounds of As, Se, Sn, Sb, Te, Hg, Pb and Bi, volatile Mo and W compounds were found in concentrations of about 0.2-0.3 mu g of Mo/m(3) and 0.005-0.01 mu g of W/m(3). The isotopic fingerprint of the detected Mo and W from the samples matched perfectly with Mo and W standards. The correspondence of the samples{\textquoteright} retention times (GC-ICP-MS) with those of standards provides convincing evidence that Mo(CO)(6) and W(CO)(6) are present in landfill gas. The toxicity and origin of these compounds are discussed.},
	keywords = {SPECIATION, WASTE DEPOSITS},
	isbn = {0013-936X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997XH48300064},
	author = {Feldmann, J. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {3691,
	title = {The use of high-performance liquid chromatography for the speciation of organotin compounds},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {10},
	number = {5},
	year = {1996},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: UW081Times Cited: 24Cited Reference Count: 89},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {339-362},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {This review of the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the speciation of organotin compounds which are primarily of significance in the marine environment, is divided into sections on the basis of the different HPLC modes of separation. However, it should be noted that such a classification does not exist in reality. For instance, in an ion-pair reversed-phase system the separation mechanism for the ionic solutes may be ion-pair partitioning, or ion exchange, or both. The relevant practical information (e.g. column type, mobile phase, method of detection and detection limit) is presented in tabular form. MET A brief overview of the reported detection MIP methods is included, because the delay in development of an easily interfaced, specific and sensitive detector has hindered the use of HPLC for organotin speciation studies. The literature reviewed covers publications from 1977, the year of the first application of HPLC to organotin speciation, to April 1995.},
	keywords = {antifouling paints, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, BUTYLTIN COMPOUNDS, DIALKYLTIN HOMOLOGS, ELEMENTAL SPECIATION, environmental pollution, ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES, FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY, high-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC, marine environment, ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS, organotin, PHOTOMETRIC DETECTION, PLASMA-MASS-SPECTROMETRY, review, SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY, SPECIATION, SUPERCRITICAL, tributyltin},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996UW08100002},
	author = {Harrington, C. F. and Eigendorf, G. K. and Cullen, W. R.}
}
@article {3000,
	title = {BIOACCUMULATION AND EXCRETION OF ARSENIC COMPOUNDS BY A MARINE UNICELLULAR ALGA, POLYPHYSA-PENICULUS},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {8},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: PD643Times Cited: 27Cited Reference Count: 43},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {313-324},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Polyphysa peniculus was grown in artificial sea-water in the presence of arsenate, arsenite, monomethylarsonate and dimethylarsinic acid. The separation and identification of some of the arsenic species produced in the cells as well as in the growth medium were achieved by using hydride generation-gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry methodology. Arsenite and dimethylarsinate were detected following incubation with arsenate. When the alga was treated with arsenite, dimethylarsinate was the major metabolite in the cells and in the growth medium; trace amounts of monomethylarsonate were also detected in the cells. With monomethylarsonate as a substrate, the metabolite is dimethylarsinate. Polyphysa peniculus did not metabolize dimethylarsinic acid when it was used as a substrate. Significant amounts of more complex arsenic species, such as arsenosugars, were not observed in the cells or medium on the evidence of flow injection-microwave digestion-hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry methodology. Transfer of the exposed cells to fresh medium caused release of most cell-associated arsenicals to the surrounding environment.},
	keywords = {ARSENIC BIOACCUMULATION, ARSENIC METYLATION, arsenic species, ARSENIC UPTAKE, COMPOUNDS, CONTAINING RIBOFURANOSIDES, ENVIRONMENT, IDENTIFICATION, KELP ECKLONIA-RADIATA, METABOLISM, METHYLATION, NON-REDUCIBLE ARSENICALS, ORGANOARSENIC, PHYTOPLANKTON, POLYPHYSA-PENICULUS, RIVER BEAULIEU, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994PD64300004},
	author = {Cullen, W. R. and Harrison, L. G. and Li, H. and Hewitt, G.}
}
@article {3139,
	title = {EVALUATION OF MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION/IONIZATION TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS-SPECTROMETRY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ORGANOARSENIC COMPOUNDS OF ENVIRONMENTAL INTEREST},
	journal = {Biological Mass Spectrometry},
	volume = {23},
	number = {12},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: PX594Times Cited: 9Cited Reference Count: 45},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {749-755},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was investigated for arsenic speciation of compounds of environmental interest. It is a very sensitive mass spectrometric technique which can detect as little as 0.3 ng of arsenic or 4 pmol of the arsenical under investigation. This feature suggests that the method could be used for the identification of minor arsenic components in environmental samples, Additional advantages of the technique are its capability of providing molecular ions as well as fragment ions for a variety of arsenicals, and allowing for a certain degree of control in compound fragmentation, by adjusting the N-2 laser power. Quantitative analysis by MALDI-TOF-MS is still considered a highly unreliable procedure since many variables associated with sample preparation and analytical procedure can seriously affect the results.},
	keywords = {arsenic, arsenobetaine, ARSENOCHOLINE, COMPOUNDS, CONFIRMATION, desorption, FAST ATOM BOMBARDMENT, IDENTIFICATION, OLIGOSACCHARIDES, PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {1052-9306},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994PX59400005},
	author = {Pergantis, S. A. and Cullen, W. R. and Eigendorf, G. K.}
}
@article {3093,
	title = {HUMAN URINARY ARSENIC EXCRETION AFTER ONE-TIME INGESTION OF SEAWEED, CRAB, AND SHRIMP},
	journal = {Clinical Chemistry},
	volume = {40},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: NE582Times Cited: 145Cited Reference Count: 48},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {617-624},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We studied chemical speciation of arsenic compounds in urine samples by using HPLC with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection. We examined urinary arsenic excretion patterns and the arsenic species excreted from nine human subjects who ingested seaweed products and crab (or shrimp). Fast urinary excretion of unchanged arsenobetaine was seen after ingestion of crab and shrimp, which contain arsenobetaine as the major arsenic species. In contrast, the arsenosugars, which comprise the major arsenic species in seaweed, are metabolized and have a longer retention time in the human body. When nine volunteers ingested the commercial seaweed product nori, both the urinary arsenic excretion pattern and the excreted arsenic species varied from individual to individual, and as many as six metabolites could be detected. It seems that arsenosugars are not decomposed by stomach acid and that reactions involving enzymatic and (or) microbial activity in the human body may be responsible for the metabolism of arsenosugars.},
	keywords = {arsenobetaine, arsenosugars, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, EDIBLE, HAMSTER, JAPANESE, METABOLISM, ORGANOARSENIC COMPOUNDS, PLASMA, RABBITS, SEAWEED, SPECIATION, TOXICOLOGY},
	isbn = {0009-9147},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994NE58200023},
	author = {Le, X. C. and Cullen, W. R. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {3003,
	title = {THE METHYLATION OF ARSENATE BY A MARINE ALGA POLYPHYSA-PENICULUS IN THE PRESENCE OF L-METHIONINE-METHYL-D(3)},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	volume = {28},
	number = {5},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: NC959Times Cited: 13Cited Reference Count: 39},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {1009-1019},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Polyphysa peniculus growing in artificial seawater methylates arsenate to produce a dimethylarsenic derivative, probably dimethylarsinate. When L-methionine-methyl-d3 is added to the culture the CD3 label is incorporated intact in the dimethylarsenic compound to a considerable extent, indicating that S-adenosylmethionine, or some related sulphonium compound, is involved in the biological methylation. Conclusive evidence of the CD3 incorporation was provided by using a specially developed hydride generation-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methodology.},
	keywords = {ALGAE, arsenic, COMPOUNDS, CONTAINING RIBOFURANOSIDES, ENVIRONMENT, GENERATION GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROMETRY (HG-GC-MS), hydride, IDENTIFICATION, KELP ECKLONIA-RADIATA, L-METHIONINE-METHYL-D(3), METHYLARSENIC COMPOUNDS, METHYLATION, NATURAL-WATERS, ORGANOARSENIC, REDUCTION, SPECIATION, SPECTROMETRY},
	isbn = {0045-6535},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994NC95900016},
	author = {Cullen, W. R. and Li, H. and Pergantis, S. A. and Eigendorf, G. K. and Harrison, L. G.}
}
@article {2829,
	title = {COORDINATION CHEMISTRY OF 2-(2{\textquoteright}-HYDROXYPHENYL)-2-BENZOXAZOLE WITH GALLIUM(III) AND ALUMINUM(III) - 2 UNCOMMON GROUP-13 METAL ENVIRONMENTS STABILIZED BY A BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT BINDING GROUP},
	journal = {Inorganic Chemistry},
	volume = {32},
	number = {22},
	year = {1993},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: ME779Times Cited: 28Cited Reference Count: 36},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {4909-4913},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {{The coordination chemistry of Ga(III) and Al(III) with 2-(2{\textquoteright}-hydroxyphenyl)-2-benzoxazole (Hhbo) was investigated both in the solid state (X-ray crystallography) and in solution (H-1, C-13, Al-27 N MR) These two group 13 metal ions exhibit different reactivities toward this bulky bidentate ligand leading with Ga(III) to the formation of Ga(hbo)3 (1) and [Ga(hbo)2(0,0{\textquoteright}-CH3CO2)] (2) complexes depending on the reaction conditions. With AI(III), the only complex formed is[Al(mu-OH)(hbo)2]2(3). The Ga bis(ligand) acetate complex 2 (C28H19GaN2O6) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 16.008(3) angstrom},
	keywords = {ACID, AQUEOUS-SOLUTION, COMPLEXES, EQUILIBRIUM, HYDROLYSIS, PERSPECTIVE, PROTEINS, RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE, SILICON(IV), SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0020-1669},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1993ME77900041},
	author = {Hoveyda, H. R. and Rettig, S. J. and Orvig, Chris}
}
@article {2852,
	title = {DETERMINATION OF URINARY ARSENIC AND IMPACT OF DIETARY ARSENIC INTAKE},
	journal = {Talanta},
	volume = {40},
	number = {2},
	year = {1993},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: KU309Times Cited: 47Cited Reference Count: 40},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {185-193},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {An analytical method based on microwave decomposition and flow injection analysis (FIA) coupled to hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) is described. This is used to differentiate arsenite [As(III)], arsenate [As(V)], monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) from organoarsenic compounds usually present in seafood. Without microwave digestion, direct analysis of urine by HGAAS gives the total concentration of As(III), As(V), MMA and DMA because organoarsenic compounds such as arsenobetaine, usually found in most seafood, are not reducible upon treatment with borohydride and therefore cannot be determined by using the hydride generation technique. The microwave oven digestion procedure with potassium persulfate and sodium hydroxide as decomposition reagents completely decomposes all arsenicals to arsenate and this can be measured by HGAAS. Microwave decomposition parameters were studied to achieve efficient decomposition and quantitative recovery of arsenobetaine spiked into urine samples. The method is applied to the determination of urinary arsenic and is useful for the assessment of occupational exposure to arsenic without intereference from excess organoarsenicals due to the consumption of seafood. Analysis of urine samples collected from an individual who ingested some seafood revealed that organoarsenicals were rapidly excreted in urine. After the ingestion of a 500-g crab, a 10-fold increase of total urinary arsenic was observed, due to the excretion of organoarsenicals. The maximum arsenic concentration was found in the urine samples collected approximately between 4 to 17 hr after eating seafood. However, the ingestion of organoarsenic-containing seafoods such as crab, shrimp and salmon showed no effect on the urinary excretion of inorganic arsenic, MMA and DMA.},
	keywords = {arsenobetaine, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY, EXCRETION, HYDRIDE GENERATION, INGESTION, LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, METABOLISM, REDUCTION, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0039-9140},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1993KU30900013},
	author = {Le, X. C. and Cullen, W. R. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {7035,
	title = {EVALUATION OF A 13.56 MHZ CAPACITIVELY COUPLED PLASMA AS A DETECTOR FOR GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS},
	journal = {Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry},
	volume = {6},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: FP279Times Cited: 26Cited Reference Count: 20},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {215-219},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A demountable, parallel plate, capacitively coupled plasma source operating at 13.56 MHz has been developed as a gas-chromatographic detector for the determination of organotin compounds. The effect of operating power and gas flow-rate on analyte emission intensity has been measured and spatial emission characteristics of the plasma have been evaluated. The detection limits for Me4Sn, Me3SnCl and Pr4Sn were 0.079, 0.190 and 0.168 ng s-1, respectively.},
	keywords = {capacitively coupled plasma, DISCHARGE, EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, MICROWAVE-INDUCED PLASMA, ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS, SPECIATION, TIN},
	isbn = {0267-9477},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1991FP27900005},
	author = {Huang, D. G. and Blades, M. W.}
}
@article {6778,
	title = {THE QUANTITATION OF BUTYLTIN AND CYCLOHEXYLTIN COMPOUNDS IN THE MARINE-ENVIRONMENT OF BRITISH-COLUMBIA},
	journal = {Applied Organometallic Chemistry},
	volume = {4},
	number = {6},
	year = {1990},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: EU195Times Cited: 29Cited Reference Count: 27},
	month = {Nov-Dec},
	pages = {581-590},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {{A HPLC/GF AA procedure based on the use of C-18 columns is described for the quantitation of butyltin species in marine samples. When a mass spectrometer was used as detector (HPLC MS), evidence was obtained for the presence of other tin compounds in the samples. Extracts of samples were treated with CH3MgBr and examined by using GC MS; the presence of BU(n)SnMe4-n (n = 3-1},
	keywords = {BUTYLTIN SPECIES, CYCLOHEXYLTIN SPECIES, CYHEXTIN, GC MS, HPLC AA, HPLC MS, LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS, OYSTERS, PLICTRAN, SAMPLES, SEAWATER, SPECIATION, SURFACE MICROLAYER, WATER},
	isbn = {0268-2605},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1990EU19500001},
	author = {Cullen, W. R. and Eigendorf, G. K. and Nwata, B. U. and Takatsu, A.}
}
