@article {5137,
	title = {Analyte ionization in the furnace atomization plasma excitation spectrometry source - spatial and temporal observations},
	journal = {Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry},
	volume = {16},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 405MHTimes Cited: 7Cited Reference Count: 34},
	pages = {256-262},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Spatially resolved atomic and ionic emission has been measured in a FAPES source at radiofrequency (rf) powers ranging between 10 and 100w. The degree of ionization was spatially dependent, with maxima adjacent to the centre electrode and graphite cuvette wall. Temporally resolved atomic and ionic emission have also been measured in a newly designed FAPES source, and the temporal ionization behaviour of Mg, Cd, Fe, Zn and Cr was derived from these measurements.},
	keywords = {EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY, FAPES, FIGURES, GRAPHITE-FURNACE, LEAD, MERIT, silver, SPECTROSCOPY},
	isbn = {0267-9477},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000167163200003},
	author = {Lu, S. Y. and LeBlanc, C. W. and Blades, M. W.}
}
@article {4047,
	title = {Spatial and temporal profiles of indium in a furnace atomization plasma excitation spectrometry source},
	journal = {Applied Spectroscopy},
	volume = {51},
	number = {11},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: YP332Times Cited: 5Cited Reference Count: 39},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {1715-1721},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Spatially resolved emission and absorption intensities from the indium 303.93-nm resonance line were measured in a furnace atomization plasma excitation spectrometry (FAPES) source. These measurements show that the spatial structure observed in the analyte emission is due to two effects, The first is the spatial distribution of analyte atoms in the source. The absorption measurements show that this spatial distribution is fairly uniform. There is a slight gradient, with analyte concentrations increasing from the cuvette wall to the center electrode. The fine structure in the emission intensity profiles must therefore be caused by the dependence of the degree of analyte excitation on position within the cuvette. This structure suggests that the FAPES source operates as an atmospheric-pressure radio-frequency glow discharge. Negative glows are seen adjacent to the graphite cuvette wall and center electrode.},
	keywords = {ABSORPTION, aluminum, ANALYTE, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION, CCD, DYNAMICS, emission, EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY, FAPES, FURNACE ATOMIZATION PLASMA EXCITATION SPECTROMETRY, GRAPHITE-FURNACE, indium, INVESTIGATING ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIZATION, LEAD, profile, SPATIAL, SPECTROSCOPY},
	isbn = {0003-7028},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000071266300022},
	author = {LeBlanc, C. W. and Blades, M. W.}
}
@article {3413,
	title = {Spatially resolved temperature measurements in a furnace atomization plasma excitation spectrometry source},
	journal = {Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy},
	volume = {50},
	number = {11},
	year = {1995},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: TM056Times Cited: 12Cited Reference Count: 25},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {1395-1408},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Spatially resolved atomic emission intensities from helium, and molecular emission intensities from OH and N-2(+) have been measured in a furnace atomization plasma excitation spectrometry (FAPES) source. He I emission at 388.86 nm was used to monitor the spatial structure of the plasma in the source while increasing the radio frequency (r.f.) power applied to its center electrode. At higher r.f. power the He I emission intensity increased significantly while its spatial structure remained relatively unchanged. The He I emission was found to be most intense adjacent to the center electrode. Some less intense emission was observed adjacent to the graphite cuvette wall and some very weak emission was seen throughout the volume of the source. These observations suggest that the FAPES source operates as an r.f. glow discharge. Emission intensities from the OH (0-0) rotational A (2) Sigma(+) {\textendash}> X (2) Pi(i) and N-2(+) (0-0) rotational B (2) Sigma(u)(+) {\textendash}> X (2) Sigma(g)(+) bands were used to monitor the effects of increasing the r.f. power applied to the center,electrode of the source. From these measurements, rotational temperatures for these molecules were calculated. The intensity measurements showed that there is a significant thermal gradient in the source with OH rotational temperatures ranging between 680 and 1050 K and N-2(+) rotational temperatures ranging between 580 and 1920 K with 60 W r.f. power applied to the center electrode. At higher r.f. powers there is an increase in rotational temperatures and an increase in the dissociation of molecular species in the FAPES source. Lead excitation temperatures were calculated using the line ratio method by measuring the emission of the Pb I 280.119 and 283.306 nm lines at different r.f. powers. The temperature was found to increase monotonically with r.f. power over the range of 35 to 75 W.},
	keywords = {EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY, FAPES, LEAD, rotational temperature, SPECTROSCOPY},
	isbn = {0584-8547},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1995TM05600009},
	author = {LeBlanc, C. W. and Blades, M. W.}
}
@article {3094,
	title = {EFFECT OF CYSTEINE ON THE SPECIATION OF ARSENIC BY USING HYDRIDE GENERATION ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY},
	journal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	volume = {285},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: MV474Times Cited: 61Cited Reference Count: 41},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {277-285},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The use of hydride generation techniques for arsenic species is pH dependent. Identical responses can not be obtained from arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid (MMAA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) when the same acid concentration is used. Thus some methods commonly used for the direct determination of total arsenic under compromised conditions are subject to error. This error is eliminated by the addition of 2\% cysteine to samples prior to hydride generation. In the presence of cysteine the optimum condition for the determination of these arsenic species is in the same range, and a single arsenic species can be used for calibration. This finding is applied to the determination of arsenic in human urine by using flow injection, hydride generation, and atomic absorption spectrometry methodology. The effect of cysteine and thioglycerol is reported in detail, and it is proposed that arsenate, MMAA and DMAA all in the As(V) state, are reduced to the As(III) state as organo-sulfur-arsenic(III) compounds through the reaction between the arsenic species and the thiol. These products, organosulfur derivatives of arsenic(III), easily react with tetrahydroborate(III) under similar conditions to afford the arsines without interference from cysteine. Non-thiol-containing amino acids such as methionine, glycine and histidine do not react with arsenic species in this way, and therefore they do not affect the pH dependence of the generation of arsenic hydride species.},
	keywords = {AMOUNTS, ANTIMONY, ARSENIC SPECIATION, ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CYSTEINE, EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY, ENVIRONMENT, FLOW INJECTION, HUMAN URINE, HYDRIDE GENERATION, INTERFERENCE REDUCTION, L-CYSTINE, NATURAL-WATERS, selenium, SPECTROSCOPY, TIN, TRACE},
	isbn = {0003-2670},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994MV47400004},
	author = {Le, X. C. and Cullen, W. R. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {2852,
	title = {DETERMINATION OF URINARY ARSENIC AND IMPACT OF DIETARY ARSENIC INTAKE},
	journal = {Talanta},
	volume = {40},
	number = {2},
	year = {1993},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: KU309Times Cited: 47Cited Reference Count: 40},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {185-193},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {An analytical method based on microwave decomposition and flow injection analysis (FIA) coupled to hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) is described. This is used to differentiate arsenite [As(III)], arsenate [As(V)], monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) from organoarsenic compounds usually present in seafood. Without microwave digestion, direct analysis of urine by HGAAS gives the total concentration of As(III), As(V), MMA and DMA because organoarsenic compounds such as arsenobetaine, usually found in most seafood, are not reducible upon treatment with borohydride and therefore cannot be determined by using the hydride generation technique. The microwave oven digestion procedure with potassium persulfate and sodium hydroxide as decomposition reagents completely decomposes all arsenicals to arsenate and this can be measured by HGAAS. Microwave decomposition parameters were studied to achieve efficient decomposition and quantitative recovery of arsenobetaine spiked into urine samples. The method is applied to the determination of urinary arsenic and is useful for the assessment of occupational exposure to arsenic without intereference from excess organoarsenicals due to the consumption of seafood. Analysis of urine samples collected from an individual who ingested some seafood revealed that organoarsenicals were rapidly excreted in urine. After the ingestion of a 500-g crab, a 10-fold increase of total urinary arsenic was observed, due to the excretion of organoarsenicals. The maximum arsenic concentration was found in the urine samples collected approximately between 4 to 17 hr after eating seafood. However, the ingestion of organoarsenic-containing seafoods such as crab, shrimp and salmon showed no effect on the urinary excretion of inorganic arsenic, MMA and DMA.},
	keywords = {arsenobetaine, ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY, EXCRETION, HYDRIDE GENERATION, INGESTION, LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, METABOLISM, REDUCTION, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0039-9140},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1993KU30900013},
	author = {Le, X. C. and Cullen, W. R. and Reimer, K. J.}
}
@article {7260,
	title = {FURNACE ATOMIZATION PLASMA EXCITATION SPECTROSCOPY - SPECTRAL, SPATIAL, AND TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS},
	journal = {Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy},
	volume = {47},
	number = {4},
	year = {1992},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: HP179Times Cited: 20Cited Reference Count: 20},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {493-503},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Some fundamental characteristics of a furnace atomization plasma excitation (FAPES) source are presented and discussed. For this source, the electron ionization rate is 120 times higher in He compared with Ar resulting in easier ignition and operation with He. Background spectra are dominated by emission features from CO+, N2+, N2, OH, NH, and He I. Emission is most intense near the central electrode and furnace walls. Excitation temperatures for Fe I are in the range of 3000-4500 K.},
	keywords = {EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY, FAPES, inductively coupled plasma},
	isbn = {0584-8547},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1992HP17900002},
	author = {Hettipathirana, T. D. and Blades, M. W.}
}
@article {7296,
	title = {A NEW CONTINUOUS HYDRIDE GENERATOR FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC, ANTIMONY AND TIN BY HYDRIDE GENERATION ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY},
	journal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	volume = {258},
	number = {2},
	year = {1992},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: HK842Times Cited: 61Cited Reference Count: 24},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {307-315},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A new continuous hydride generator is described. Its characteristics are compared with a conventional hydride generator for the determination of arsenic, antimony and tin by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. This simple hydride generator combines hydride production and gas-liquid separation in one unit, obviating the use of a separate mixing/reaction coil and gas-liquid separator. Radioactive tracer studies show that a hydride generation efficiency of over 95\% is achieved with the new hydride generator and that approximately 90\% of monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) is converted to its hydride (methylarsine) within the first 10 s of the hydride generation reaction. Compared to a conventional hydride generator, an improved signal-to-noise ratio is achieved and comparable or less interference from transition metal ions is observed. Cysteine (1\% in the sample solution) is effective in reducing interferences during the hydride generation processes. In the presence of cysteine, 10-1000 fold higher amounts of Ni2+, Co2+ and Cu2+ are tolerated in the determination of arsenic, antimony and tin. Cysteine also enhances the signals of arsenic, antimony and tin by 60, 200 and 40\%, respectively. Reaction conditions were optimized by using both the simplex optimization method and one-factor-at-a-time method and results are in good agreement.},
	keywords = {AMOUNTS, ANTIMONY, arsenic, ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY, GERMANIUM, HYDRIDE GENERATION, INTERFERENCE REDUCTION, L-CYSTINE, mercury, selenium, separator, SPECTROPHOTOMETRY, SPECTROSCOPY, TIN, TRACE},
	isbn = {0003-2670},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1992HK84200014},
	author = {Le, X. C. and Cullen, W. R. and Reimer, K. J. and Brindle, I. D.}
}
@article {7035,
	title = {EVALUATION OF A 13.56 MHZ CAPACITIVELY COUPLED PLASMA AS A DETECTOR FOR GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS},
	journal = {Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry},
	volume = {6},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: FP279Times Cited: 26Cited Reference Count: 20},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {215-219},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A demountable, parallel plate, capacitively coupled plasma source operating at 13.56 MHz has been developed as a gas-chromatographic detector for the determination of organotin compounds. The effect of operating power and gas flow-rate on analyte emission intensity has been measured and spatial emission characteristics of the plasma have been evaluated. The detection limits for Me4Sn, Me3SnCl and Pr4Sn were 0.079, 0.190 and 0.168 ng s-1, respectively.},
	keywords = {capacitively coupled plasma, DISCHARGE, EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, MICROWAVE-INDUCED PLASMA, ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS, SPECIATION, TIN},
	isbn = {0267-9477},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1991FP27900005},
	author = {Huang, D. G. and Blades, M. W.}
}
