@article {2369,
	title = {Long-chain rhenium and technetium glucosamine conjugates},
	journal = {Dalton Transactions},
	number = {42},
	year = {2009},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 508YBTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 44Bowen, Meryn L. Chen, Zhen-Feng Roos, Adrienne M. Misri, Ripen Haefeli, Urs Adam, Michael J. Orvig, Chris},
	pages = {9228-9236},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A series of five glucosamine-conjugated organometallic complexes of the tricarbonyl cores of technetium-99m and rhenium were made. Glucosamine was derivatized at the C-2 nitrogen with long chain alkyl spacers linked to either pyridyl-tert-nitrogen-phenol tridentate chelates or cyclopentadienyl ligating groups. The metal complexes of the tridentate ligands were formed by refluxing with [Re(CO)(3)(H2O)(3)]Br, or with a base and [Tc-99m(CO)(3)(H2O)(3)](+). These ligands were found to be competent chelates in binding the [Tc-99m(CO)(3)](+) core as radiolabeling yields ranged from 87 to 93\% and the resulting complexes are stable to cysteine and histidine challenges for 24 h. The cyclopentadienyl analogues were formed using a double ligand transfer reaction for the rhenium complexes and a single ligand transfer for the technetium-99m complexes. All five rhenium complexes were tested as substrates of hexokinase; two of these complexes were tested as hexokinase inhibitors and they were found to be competent inhibitors, suggesting that they may be able to interact with hexokinase. MTT cytotoxicity studies were performed and the complexes tested were found to be non-toxic to the concentrations tested (100 mu M or 1 mM). GLUT-1 mediated cell uptake studies were performed on all five technetium-99m complexes, and their cell entry was found to parallel their lipophilicities, suggesting that cellular uptake is by passive diffusion and is not mediated by GLUT-1.},
	keywords = {99M-TECHNETIUM, BIOMOLECULES, BREAST-CANCER, DERIVATIVES, HEXOKINASE, IN-VITRO, METAL-COMPLEXES, RE, TC-99M, TRANSPORT},
	isbn = {1477-9226},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000270973800021},
	author = {Bowen, M. L. and Chen, Z. F. and Roos, A. M. and Misri, R. and Hafeli, U. and Adam,Michael J. and Orvig, Chris}
}
@article {2369,
	title = {Long-chain rhenium and technetium glucosamine conjugates},
	journal = {Dalton Transactions},
	number = {42},
	year = {2009},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 508YBTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 44Bowen, Meryn L. Chen, Zhen-Feng Roos, Adrienne M. Misri, Ripen Haefeli, Urs Adam, Michael J. Orvig, Chris},
	pages = {9228-9236},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A series of five glucosamine-conjugated organometallic complexes of the tricarbonyl cores of technetium-99m and rhenium were made. Glucosamine was derivatized at the C-2 nitrogen with long chain alkyl spacers linked to either pyridyl-tert-nitrogen-phenol tridentate chelates or cyclopentadienyl ligating groups. The metal complexes of the tridentate ligands were formed by refluxing with [Re(CO)(3)(H2O)(3)]Br, or with a base and [Tc-99m(CO)(3)(H2O)(3)](+). These ligands were found to be competent chelates in binding the [Tc-99m(CO)(3)](+) core as radiolabeling yields ranged from 87 to 93\% and the resulting complexes are stable to cysteine and histidine challenges for 24 h. The cyclopentadienyl analogues were formed using a double ligand transfer reaction for the rhenium complexes and a single ligand transfer for the technetium-99m complexes. All five rhenium complexes were tested as substrates of hexokinase; two of these complexes were tested as hexokinase inhibitors and they were found to be competent inhibitors, suggesting that they may be able to interact with hexokinase. MTT cytotoxicity studies were performed and the complexes tested were found to be non-toxic to the concentrations tested (100 mu M or 1 mM). GLUT-1 mediated cell uptake studies were performed on all five technetium-99m complexes, and their cell entry was found to parallel their lipophilicities, suggesting that cellular uptake is by passive diffusion and is not mediated by GLUT-1.},
	keywords = {99M-TECHNETIUM, BIOMOLECULES, BREAST-CANCER, DERIVATIVES, HEXOKINASE, IN-VITRO, METAL-COMPLEXES, RE, TC-99M, TRANSPORT},
	isbn = {1477-9226},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000270973800021},
	author = {Bowen, M. L. and Chen, Z. F. and Roos, A. M. and Misri, R. and Hafeli, U. and Adam,Michael J. and Orvig, Chris}
}
@article {1577,
	title = {Design of targeting ligands in medicinal inorganic chemistry},
	journal = {Chemical Society Reviews},
	volume = {35},
	number = {6},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 047UHTimes Cited: 58Cited Reference Count: 51},
	pages = {534-544},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {This tutorial review will highlight recent advances in medicinal inorganic chemistry pertaining to the use of multifunctional ligands for enhanced effect. Ligands that adequately bind metal ions and also include specific targeting features are gaining in popularity due to their ability to enhance the efficacy of less complicated metal-based agents. Moving beyond the traditional view of ligands modifying reactivity, stabilizing specific oxidation states, and contributing to substitution inertness, we will discuss recent work involving metal complexes with multifunctional ligands that target specific tissues, membrane receptors, or endogenous molecules, including enzymes.},
	keywords = {CANCER, COMPLEXES, FLUORESCENCE, GADOLINIUM, IN-VITRO, PARACEST AGENTS, PROTEINS, RECEPTOR, therapy, TRANSPORT},
	isbn = {0306-0012},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000237903700005},
	author = {Storr, T. and Thompson, K. H. and Orvig, Chris}
}
@article {1600,
	title = {Metal complexes in medicinal chemistry: new vistas and challenges in drug design},
	journal = {Dalton Transactions},
	number = {6},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 014YVTimes Cited: 60Cited Reference Count: 44},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {761-764},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {An overview is presented of selected metal-bases! pharmaceuticals, either diagnostic or therapeutic, with emphasis on specific attributes and in vivo interactions of these compounds relevant to their use in medicinal applications. Both the advantages and the challenges of this approach are outlined, with possibilities for future developments accentuated.},
	keywords = {AGENTS, BINDING CONSTANTS, BIS(MALTOLATO)OXOVANADIUM(IV), GLUCOSE, HUMAN-SERUM TRANSFERRIN, MODULATION, therapy, TRANSPORT},
	isbn = {1477-9226},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000235520000001},
	author = {Thompson, K. H. and Orvig, Chris}
}
@article {346,
	title = {Collision-induced alignment of NO+ drifting in argon: Calculated distribution functions and microscopic quadrupole alignment parameters},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Physics},
	volume = {116},
	number = {15},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 537PGTimes Cited: 5Cited Reference Count: 32},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {6605-6613},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Molecular dynamics simulations of NO+ drifting in argon are presented. In this system, the ion-bath gas mass ratio is close to but less than unity, thus increasing the importance of inelastic collisions. Strong velocity-angular momentum coupling is found, and in particular the quadrupolar alignment parameter as a function of the velocity parallel with the field takes on, with decreasing velocities, values that start as negative, become positive, and subsequently decay toward negative. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the decay of this alignment towards negative values at the low end of the velocity distribution. The accuracy of an approximate distribution function [R. Baranowski and M. Thachuk, Phys. Rev. A 63, 032503 (2001)] is also examined in detail. It is found to give results that are generally qualitatively correct, and for many properties, semiquantitatively correct as well. The agreement, however, is not as good as that found for systems with ion-bath gas ratios greatly exceeding unity. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.},
	keywords = {AR-NO+, ATOMIC GASES, EXPANSIONS, ION MOBILITY SPECTROMETRY, MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS, ROTATIONAL ALIGNMENT, SCATTERING, SUPERSONIC, SURFACES, TRANSPORT, VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS},
	isbn = {0021-9606},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000174767200023},
	author = {Chen, X. and Araghi, R. and Baranowski, R. and Thachuk, M.}
}
@article {343,
	title = {Fast, efficient syntheses of linear poly(dipyrromethene)s},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Chemistry-Revue Canadienne De Chimie},
	volume = {80},
	number = {12},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 633ZKTimes Cited: 11Cited Reference Count: 44},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1668-1675},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The synthesis of three octapyrrolic, 8-10, and four dodecapyrrolic, 15-18, oligomers is reported. They are linear poly(dipyrromethene)s and potential ligands as building blocks for supramolecular architectures through self-assembly. Octapyrrolic oligomers 8-10 were prepared in 90-95\% yields by condensation of 2 equiv of a tripyrrolic compound 4 with 1 equiv of diformyldipyrrolic compounds 5-7. A similar procedure, involving the condensation of 2 equiv of a pentapyrrolic starting material 13 with 1 equiv of 5-7 or 14, was found to give rise to the corresponding dodecameric systems 15-18 in 41-56\% yields.},
	keywords = {ANALOG, ARCHITECTURE, BILIRUBIN, CHEMISTRY, CU-I, DERIVATIVES, dipyrromethane, dipyrromethene, DIPYRROMETHENE LIGANDS, LEAD(II) COMPLEXES, linear polypyrroles, poly(dipyrromethene), PYRROLE PIGMENTS, TRANSPORT},
	isbn = {0008-4042},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000180314900007},
	author = {Chen, Q. Q. and Dolphin, D.}
}
@article {5009,
	title = {Molecular dynamics study of the collision-induced rotational alignment of N-2(+) drifting in helium},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Physics},
	volume = {114},
	number = {15},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 418VGTimes Cited: 9Cited Reference Count: 32},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {6662-6671},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The full velocity-angular momentum distribution function for gas-phase N-2(+) drifting in helium is calculated using a molecular dynamics method, and utilized to examine collision-induced rotational alignment in detail. These results are also compared with experimental measurements, most especially those of Anthony [J. Chem. Phys. 112, 10269 (2000)] and those appearing in the preceding article [Anthony , J. Chem. Phys. 114, 6654 (2001)]. Both the calculations and experiments show a number of interesting features including, drift velocities which depend upon rotational state, and quadrupolar alignment parameters which change from negative at high velocities to positive at low velocities. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.},
	keywords = {EXCITATION, GENERALIZED CROSS-SECTIONS, HE, IONS, KINETIC-THEORY, LIGHTER GASES, STATE, TRANSPORT, TUBE EXPERIMENTS, VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS},
	isbn = {0021-9606},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000167914400020},
	author = {Baranowski, R. and Wagner, B. and Thachuk, M.}
}
@article {4611,
	title = {A H-1-NMR study of the permeation of glycolic acid through phospholipid membranes},
	journal = {Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Biomembranes},
	volume = {1416},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 162BFTimes Cited: 10Cited Reference Count: 31},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {333-338},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The transmembrane permeability coefficient of the alpha-hydroxyacid, glycolic acid, has been measured for egg phosphatidylcholine large unilamellar vesicles. The determination of the vesicle concentration independent first-order rate constant for membrane transport and the permeability coefficient were made using an NMR technique employing shift agents. Both the temperature dependence and the dependence on cholesterol content were investigated. The activation energy and the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor were found to be dependent on the cholesterol content. A marked increase in both parameters was observed up to 20 mol\% cholesterol, with a further, small increase up to 50\%. The pH dependence of permeability was also investigated. An increase in permeability is observed with a decrease in pH, providing a possible explanation for the effectiveness of glycolic acid in skin treatment. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ACETIC-ACID, acne, aging of the, BILAYER-MEMBRANES, CHOLESTEROL, CHOLESTEROL CONTENT, glycolic acid, H-1-NMR, HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES, LAIDLAWII-B-CELLS, LARGE UNILAMELLAR VESICLES, lipid, NONELECTROLYTE, NUCLEAR MAGNETIC-RESONANCE, permeability, SKIN, transmembrane permeability, TRANSPORT, WATER},
	isbn = {0005-2736},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000078324700030},
	author = {Males, R. G. and Herring, F. G.}
}
@article {4469,
	title = {Mobilities of NO+ drifting in helium: A molecular dynamics study},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Physics},
	volume = {110},
	number = {23},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 200CHTimes Cited: 10Cited Reference Count: 23},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {11383-11389},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A new molecular dynamics (MD) method is introduced, and used to study NO+ ions drifting in helium under the influence of a uniform electric field. Mobilities, average values of squared velocities, and self-diffusion coefficients parallel and perpendicular to the electric field are reported for two recent ab initio potential surfaces: a coupled cluster singles-doubles with perturbative treatment of triple excitations [CCSD(T)] surface [S. K. Pogrebnya et al., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 149/150, 207 (1995)] and a MP4SDTQ/6-311 + G(2df, p) surface [L. A. Viehland et al., Chem. Phys. 211, 1 (1996)]. Average values of angular momentum and alignment parameters are also reported and compared. In all cases, no significant differences were found in the calculated values for the two different potential surfaces. Finally, mobility values are compared with experimental measurements [J. A. de Gouw et al., J. Chem. Phys. 105, 10398 (1996)] and good agreement is obtained for both potential surfaces. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(99)51623-1].},
	keywords = {CONFORMATION, ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS, GAS, ION-MOTION, SIMULATION, TRANSPORT, TUBE},
	isbn = {0021-9606},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000080521200033},
	author = {Baranowski, R. and Thachuk, M.}
}
@article {4316,
	title = {The coupling of electron thermalization and electron attachment in CCl4/Ar and CCl4/Ne mixtures},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Physics},
	volume = {108},
	number = {4},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: YR488Times Cited: 11Cited Reference Count: 61},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {1587-1600},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The relaxation of a nonequilibrium distribution of electrons in a mixture of CCl4 with either Ar or Ne is studied. In this paper, electron-CCl4 and electron-inert gas elastic collisions, vibrationally inelastic collisions between electrons and CCl4, as well as the electron attachment reaction with CCl4, are included in the analysis. The time dependent electron energy distribution function is determined from the Boltzmann equation and the energy relaxation times are determined. The coupling of the thermalization process and the attachment process are discussed in detail. The results from the calculations are analyzed analogous to experimental studies, and the methodology of the experimental reduction of the data is studied. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics.},
	keywords = {ARGON, CONDUCTIVITY, CROSS-SECTIONS, DEGRADATION, development, FIELD DEPENDENCE, MONTE-CARLO SIMULATION, RARE-GAS MODERATORS, SF6, SWARM, TRANSPORT},
	isbn = {0021-9606},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000071500300035},
	author = {Kowari, K. and Leung, K. and Shizgal, B. D.}
}
@article {4346,
	title = {Equations describing passive transport through vesicular membranes},
	journal = {Biophysical Chemistry},
	volume = {70},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: YU539Times Cited: 4Cited Reference Count: 26},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {65-74},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A theoretical description of the kinetics of the passive transport of both lipophobic and lipophilic nonelectrolytes, weak acids, and weak bases through membranes of large unilamellar vesicles is discussed. Equations are derived which may be used to obtain permeability coefficients and predict the extent of LW entrapment of permeant molecules. Theoretical curves are generated to illustrate the difference between lipophobic and lipophilic permeation. By applying a diffusional approach rather than a simple first order kinetic approach to the problem of passive transport, some of the inconsistencies observed in other works are corrected. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.},
	keywords = {accumulation, DIFFUSION, FATTY-ACIDS, IONS, KINETICS, LARGE UNILAMELLAR VESICLES, lipid bilayer, LIPID BILAYER-MEMBRANES, LIPOSOMES, PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS, passive, permeability, PROCEDURE, RAPID EXTRUSION, TRANSMEMBRANE PH GRADIENTS, TRANSPORT},
	isbn = {0301-4622},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000071728000007},
	author = {Males, R. G. and Phillips, P. S. and Herring, F. G.}
}
@article {4345,
	title = {Vesicular membrane permeability of monomethylarsonic and dimethylarsinic acids},
	journal = {Biophysical Chemistry},
	volume = {70},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: YU539Times Cited: 6Cited Reference Count: 45},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {75-85},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The transmembrane permeability coefficients of the environmentally sensitive arsenicals, monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) have been measured for egg phosphatidylcholine large unilamellar vesicles. The determination of the vesicle concentration-independent first-order rate constants for membrane transport and the permeability coefficients were made using an NMR technique employing shift agents. The permeability coefficient of DMA was found to be two orders of magnitude greater than that of MMA. This is attributed to the presence of MMAs extra hydroxyl group. Both species are shown to permeate membranes in the neutral form. Both the temperature dependence and the dependence on cholesterol content were investigated for DMA. The activation energy and the Arrhenius preexponential factor were found to be dependent on the cholesterol content. A marked increase in both parameters was observed up to 20 mol.\% cholesterol, with a further, small increase up to 60\%, The significance of these results to our understanding of membrane transport is discussed. The importance of using permeability coefficients rather than n-octanol/water partition coefficients in determining bioavailability and bioaccumulation of environmentally sensitive compounds is also discussed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.},
	keywords = {BILE-ACIDS, CHOLESTEROL, DIFFUSION, DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID, HUMAN-ERYTHROCYTES, LIPID BILAYER-MEMBRANES, monomethylarsonic acid, NONELECTROLYTE, nuclear magnetic resonance, PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS, permeability, phosphatidylcholine membranes, RAPID EXTRUSION PROCEDURE, TRANSPORT, UNILAMELLAR VESICLES},
	isbn = {0301-4622},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000071728000008},
	author = {Males, R. G. and Nelson, J. C. and Phillips, P. S. and Cullen, W. R. and Herring, F. G.}
}
@article {3540,
	title = {PHASE-SEPARATION IN CYTOPLASM, DUE TO MACROMOLECULAR CROWDING, IS THE BASIS FOR MICROCOMPARTMENTATION},
	journal = {Febs Letters},
	volume = {361},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {1995},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: QN707Times Cited: 72Cited Reference Count: 40},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {135-139},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The macromolecular diversity and concentrations in the fluid phase of cytoplasm constitute conditions necessary and sufficient for aqueous phase separation. Consequences of phase separation in cytoplasm, including its {\textquoteright}compartmentation{\textquoteright}, are inferred from analogies with the physicochemical properties of aqueous two-phase systems and with the partitioning behavior of biomaterials in them.},
	keywords = {AQUEOUS PHASE SYSTEM, CELL CYTOPLASM, CYTOARCHITECTURE, CYTOPLASM, DIFFUSION, K+, LIVING CELL, MACROMOLECULAR CROWDING, MICROCOMPARTMENTATION, PHASE SEPARATION, TRANSLATIONAL MOBILITY, TRANSPORT},
	isbn = {0014-5793},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1995QN70700001},
	author = {Walter, H. and Brooks, D. E.}
}
@article {2995,
	title = {RELAXATION DYNAMICS OF HOT PROTONS IN A THERMAL BATH OF ATOMIC-HYDROGEN},
	journal = {Physical Review E},
	volume = {49},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: MV514Times Cited: 10Cited Reference Count: 58},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {347-358},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We present a rigorous kinetic theory formulation of the relaxation of hot protons (H+) in a bath of thermal atomic hydrogen (H). We apply the (well-known) quantum-mechanical scattering theory to (H+,H) collisions and calculate the differential elastic cross section as a function of collision energy and scattering angle. This calculation includes the effects Of both direct and charge-exchange scattering. We then solve the time-dependent Boltzmann equation numerically for the H+ distribution function with an initial delta-function distribution. We also consider two approximate models for the collision dynamics, each based on the assumption that charge exchange dominates the relaxation and that no momentum is transferred in a collision (the linear-trajectory approximation). The first model uses the Rapp-Francis [J. Chem. Phys. 37, 2631 (1962)] energy-dependent cross section in the exact kernel which defines the Boltzmann collision operator. The second model uses a hard-sphere cross section in an approximate collision kernel. We compare the relaxation behavior calculated with the approximate formulations with the exact solution. We also calculate the mobility of H+ in H and compare the exact and-approximate; formulations. This study has applications to processes in astrophysics and aeronomy such as the non-thermal escape of H from planetary atmospheres.},
	keywords = {CHARGE-EXCHANGE, COLLISION KERNELS, EIGENVALUES, ENERGIES, equation, ESCAPE, EXOSPHERE, TRANSPORT, VENUS},
	isbn = {1063-651X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994MV51400048},
	author = {Clarke, A. S. and Shizgal, B.}
}
@article {7177,
	title = {COULOMB MILNE PROBLEM},
	journal = {Physical Review A},
	volume = {45},
	number = {6},
	year = {1992},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: HK384Times Cited: 9Cited Reference Count: 62},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {3687-3699},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The transport properties of an ensemble of charged test particles diffusing from infinity through a second charged species that fills the positive half-space are studied. It is assumed that there are no incoming particles at the boundary between the medium in the positive half-space and the vacuum that fills the negative half-space. This problem has been referred to as the Milne problem and has previously been considered for neutral species [M. J. Lindenfold and B. Shizgal, Phys. Rev. A 27, 1657 (1983)]. The present paper examines the rarefied-gas dynamical effects for the Coulomb interaction between the two species. The distribution function of the background gas is taken to be a Maxwellian and the test-particle distribution is determined from a solution of the Boltzmann equation with its expansion in Burnett functions, products of Laguerre polynomials, and spherical harmonics. The extrapolation length is calculated together with the density and temperature profiles and compared with the Chapman-Enskog results valid far from the boundary. A comparison with the previous results for the hard-sphere cross section describing collisions between two neutral species is also presented.},
	keywords = {ABSORBING SPHERE, ANOMALOUS, BOUNDARY-LAYER, COUPLED TEST PARTICLE, FOKKER-PLANCK EQUATION, HEAT-FLUX, KINETIC, PLASMA, SOLAR-WIND, STEADY-STATE, STRONGLY INHOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS, TRANSPORT},
	isbn = {1050-2947},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1992HK38400038},
	author = {Barrett, J. and Demeio, L. and Shizgal, B.}
}
@article {7046,
	title = {RELAXATION OF HOT-ELECTRON DISTRIBUTIONS IN GAAS},
	journal = {Physical Review B},
	volume = {44},
	number = {7},
	year = {1991},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: GC066Times Cited: 5Cited Reference Count: 42},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {2969-2978},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The field-free equilibration of optically excited nonequilibrium hot electrons is studied theoretically with use of the Boltzmann kinetic equation. The analysis is limited to the situation where the longitudinal-optical-phonon scattering mechanism is dominant. The relaxation of the electron-energy-distribution function and of the average electron energy are investigated numerically for pulsed initial conditions with account taken of the exact collision integral within a single-parabolic-band model. It is shown that the energy dependence of the relevant scattering rate plays an important role in determining the relaxation of the hot-electron distribution.},
	keywords = {BOLTZMANN COLLISION OPERATOR, ENERGY RELAXATION, MONTE-CARLO METHOD, PHOTO-EXCITATION, PHOTOEXCITED CARRIERS, PROBLEM, QUANTUM WELLS, RUNAWAY, SEMICONDUCTORS, TRANSPORT, VARYING DRAG},
	isbn = {0163-1829},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1991GC06600013},
	author = {Kim, C. S. and Shizgal, B.}
}
@article {7058,
	title = {TIME-DEPENDENT ELECTRON-DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS AND DEGRADATION SPECTRA - A COMPARISON OF THE SPENCER-FANO EQUATION AND THE BOLTZMANN-EQUATION},
	journal = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
	volume = {42},
	number = {10},
	year = {1991},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: GL858Times Cited: 8Cited Reference Count: 43SYMP ON THE PHYSICS OF ELECTRON TRANSPORTAPR 02-03, 1990GAITHERSBURG, MDUS DOE, OFF HLTH \& ENVIRONM RES},
	pages = {985-994},
	type = {Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {The thermalization of electrons in gaseous moderators for initial nonequilibrium distributions not far removed from thermal energies has been studied previously with a Fokker-Planck equation for electron distribution. For electron energies in the keV to eV energy range an approach based on the Spencer-Fano equation has also been used. The present paper considers a detailed comparison of the two approaches to electron thermalization. The Spencer-Fano equation is analogous to the Fokker-Planck equation but with the moderator temperature set to zero, that is, with the cold gas approximation. The effect of the cold gas approximation on the time evolution of the nonequilibrium distributions and on the calculation of thermalization times is discussed in detail. The cold gas approximation is shown to be the basis for most of the concepts used in radiation chemistry and physics to study electron degradation. Applications to the thermalization of electrons in the inert gases are considered. The analysis is restricted to elastic electron-moderator collisions.},
	keywords = {ARGON, HELIUM, HOT-ATOM REACTIONS, INITIAL PRODUCTS, NITROGEN, RARE-GAS MODERATORS, SUBEXCITATION ELECTRONS, THERMALIZATION, TRANSPORT, YIELDS},
	isbn = {0969-8043},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1991GL85800010},
	author = {Kowari, K. and Shizgal, B.}
}
