@article {4157,
	title = {Evidence for a covalently bound form of microcystin-LR in salmon liver and dungeness crab larvae},
	journal = {Chemical Research in Toxicology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {4},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: WU385Times Cited: 56Cited Reference Count: 55},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {463-469},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The chemically unique nature of the C-20 beta-amino acid (2S,3S,8S,9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoi c acid (Adda) portion of the microcystins has been exploited to develop a strategy to analyze for the total microcystin-1R (1; see Figure 1) burden in salmon liver and crab larvae tissues. Lemieux oxidation of microcystin-LR (1) gives 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid (2), a unique marker for the presence of microcystins. The butanoic acid 2 can be isolated and detected by GC/MS from the livers of Atlantic salmon that received an ip injection of microcystin-1R (1) and from tissues of wild-caught crab larvae. The Lemieux oxidation-GC/MS results are compared with those from MeOH extraction-PPase analysis. Only similar to 24\% of the total microcystin-1R (1) burden in salmon liver tissue is found to be extractable with MeOH. Similarly, the Lemieux oxidation-GC/MS method detected 10 000-fold greater microcystin concentrations in Cypress Island Dungeness crab larvae than did the MeOH extraction-PPase method. The disparity in microcystin concentrations measured by the two methods is taken as direct evidence for the existence of covalently bound microcystins in vivo.},
	keywords = {BLUE-GREEN-ALGAE, CYCLIC, DIARRHETIC SHELLFISH TOXINS, DIHYDROMICROCYSTIN-LR, HEPATOCELLULAR, OKADAIC ACID, PEPTIDE TOXIN, PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE INHIBITORS, RAT-LIVER, TISSUE DISTRIBUTION, TUMOR PROMOTION, UPTAKE},
	isbn = {0893-228X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997WU38500017},
	author = {Williams, D. E. and Craig, M. and Dawe, S. C. and Kent, M. L. and Holmes, C. F. B. and Andersen, R. J.}
}
