@article {hannaevaluation,
	title = {An Evaluation of three methods for measuring black carbon at Alert, Canada},
	journal = {ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2017},
	month = {DEC 22},
	pages = {15225-15243},
	abstract = {<p>Absorption of sunlight by black carbon (BC) warms the atmosphere, which may be important for Arctic climate. The measurement of BC is complicated by the lack of a simple definition of BC and the absence of techniques that are uniquely sensitive to BC (e.g., Petzold et al., 2013). At the Global Atmosphere Watch baseline observatory in Alert, Nunavut (82.5 N), BC mass is estimated in three ways, none of which fully represent BC: conversion of light absorption measured with an Aethalometer to give equivalent black carbon (EBC), thermal desorption of elemental carbon (EC) from weekly integrated filter samples to give EC, and measurement of incandescence from the refractory black carbon (rBC) component of individual particles using a single particle soot photometer (SP2). Based on measurements between March 2011 and December 2013, EBC and EC are 2.7 and 3.1 times higher than rBC, respectively. The EBC and EC measurements are influenced by factors other than just BC, and higher estimates of BC are expected from these techniques. Some bias in the rBC measurement may result from calibration uncertainties that are difficult to estimate here. Considering a number of factors, our best estimate of BC mass in Alert, which may be useful for evaluation of chemical transport models, is an average of the rBC and EC measurements with a range bounded by the rBC and EC combined with the respective measurement uncertainties.Winter- , spring-, summer-, and fall-averaged ( atmospheric variability) estimates of BC mass in Alert for this study period are 4928, 3026, 2213, and 299 ngm􀀀3, respectively. Average coating thicknesses estimated from the SP2 are 25 to 40\% of the 160\&ndash;180 nm diameter rBC core sizes. For particles of approximately 200\&ndash;400 nm optical diameter, the fraction containing rBC cores is estimated to be between 10 and 16 \%, but the possibility of smaller undetectable rBC cores in some of the particles cannot be excluded. Mass absorption coefficients (MACs)  uncertainty at 550 nm wavelength, calculated from light absorption measurements divided by the best estimates of the BC mass concentrations, are 8.04.0, 8.04.0, 5.02.5 and 9.04.5m2 g􀀀1, for winter, spring, summer, and fall, respectively. Adjusted to better estimate absorption by BC only, the winter and spring values of MACs are 7.63.8 and 7.73.8m2 g􀀀1. There is evidence that the MAC values increase with coating thickness.</p>},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-17-15225-2017},
	author = {Sharma, Sangeeta and Leaitch, W.R and Huang, Lin and Veber, Daniel and Kolonjari, Felicia and Zhang, Wendy and Hanna, Sarah J and Bertram, Allan K and Ogren, John A}
}
